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From the 1930s to the 1980s, the North American countryside faced a profound cultural transformation in which a once-unified rural society became fragmented and dispersed. Families wishing to remain on the farm were required to accept new levels of automation, while others, unwilling or unable to make the change, migrated to nearby towns or regional cities. The cultural reformulation that resulted saw the emergence of a genuine rural diaspora. The growing cultural and physical separation was especially true for close-knit, ethno-religious communities, Mennonites, in particular. Forced into regional cities, the kaleidoscopic urban culture further fragmented the Mennonites into disparate social entities. In Diaspora in the Countryside , the phenomena of rural fragmentation is examined by comparing and contrasting two closely-related but distinctive Dutch-Russian Mennonite communities located in different parts of the continent: Kansas and Manitoba, respectively. By systematically comparing these communities, two distinctive responses to the mid-twentieth century 'Great Disjuncture' are made apparent. Royden Loewen also contrasts the cultural changes of these farm families to the cultures their kin adopted in nearby towns and cities. Loewen charts not only the dispersion of two rural communities, but follows their former residents as they reformulate their lives in new settings.

National levels of personal health-care access and quality can be approximated by measuring mortality rates from causes that should not be fatal in the presence of effective medical care (ie, amenable mortality). Previous analyses of mortality amenable to health care only focused on high-income countries and faced several methodological challenges. In the present analysis, we use the highly standardised cause of death and risk factor estimates generated through the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) to improve and expand the quantification of personal health-care access and quality for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. We mapped the most widely used list of causes amenable to personal health care developed by Nolte and McKee to 32 GBD causes. We accounted for variations in cause of death certification and misclassifications through the extensive data standardisation processes and redistribution algorithms developed for GBD. To isolate the effects of personal health-care access and quality, we risk-standardised cause-specific mortality rates for each geography-year by removing the joint effects of local environmental and behavioural risks, and adding back the global levels of risk exposure as estimated for GBD 2015. We employed principal component analysis to create a single, interpretable summary measure–the Healthcare Quality and Access (HAQ) Index–on a scale of 0 to 100. The HAQ Index showed strong convergence validity as compared with other health-system indicators, including health expenditure per capita (r=0·88), an index of 11 universal health coverage interventions (r=0·83), and human resources for health per 1000 (r=0·77). We used free disposal hull analysis with bootstrapping to produce a frontier based on the relationship between the HAQ Index and the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a measure of overall development consisting of income per capita, average years of education, and total fertility rates. This frontier allowed us to better quantify the maximum levels of personal health-care access and quality achieved across the development spectrum, and pinpoint geographies where gaps between observed and potential levels have narrowed or widened over time. Between 1990 and 2015, nearly all countries and territories saw their HAQ Index values improve; nonetheless, the difference between the highest and lowest observed HAQ Index was larger in 2015 than in 1990, ranging from 28·6 to 94·6. Of 195 geographies, 167 had statistically significant increases in HAQ Index levels since 1990, with South Korea, Turkey, Peru, China, and the Maldives recording among the largest gains by 2015. Performance on the HAQ Index and individual causes showed distinct patterns by region and level of development, yet substantial heterogeneities emerged for several causes, including cancers in highest-SDI countries; chronic kidney disease, diabetes, diarrhoeal diseases, and lower respiratory infections among middle-SDI countries; and measles and tetanus among lowest-SDI countries. While the global HAQ Index average rose from 40·7 (95% uncertainty interval, 39·0–42·8) in 1990 to 53·7 (52·2–55·4) in 2015, far less progress occurred in narrowing the gap between observed HAQ Index values and maximum levels achieved; at the global level, the difference between the observed and frontier HAQ Index only decreased from 21·2 in 1990 to 20·1 in 2015. If every country and territory had achieved the highest observed HAQ Index by their corresponding level of SDI, the global average would have been 73·8 in 2015. Several countries, particularly in eastern and western sub-Saharan Africa, reached HAQ Index values similar to or beyond their development levels, whereas others, namely in southern sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and south Asia, lagged behind what geographies of similar development attained between 1990 and 2015. This novel extension of the GBD Study shows the untapped potential for personal health-care access and quality improvement across the development spectrum. Amid substantive advances in personal health care at the national level, heterogeneous patterns for individual causes in given countries or territories suggest that few places have consistently achieved optimal health-care access and quality across health-system functions and therapeutic areas. This is especially evident in middle-SDI countries, many of which have recently undergone or are currently experiencing epidemiological transitions. The HAQ Index, if paired with other measures of health-system characteristics such as intervention coverage, could provide a robust avenue for tracking progress on universal health coverage and identifying local priorities for strengthening personal health-care quality and access throughout the world. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Documents how a betrayed Elizabeth Stuart, the daughter of James I, raised her four daughters in exile during the Dutch Golden Age, tracing how their stories shaped a three-decade war and fulfilled the promises of their great-grandmother, Mary Queen of Scots.

Important parts of the vast Leibnitiana collection, assembled by Charles Etienne Jordan since the 1720 s, have disappeared (namely the correspondence with Queen Sophie Charlotte). Two fragments dating from the late summer of 1703, published by Jordan in his Recueil of 1730, but hitherto ignored, can now be attributed to this correspondence or to that with Electress Sophie. Jordan had only been interested in the brief dialogue between the princess and Leibniz on the subject of a physical attack on John Toland. Toland had spent the preceding years at the courts of Hanover and Berlin and had written several papers in favour of the Hanoverian succession in Great Britain. The fragments may shed some light on his controversial role. De la vaste collection de Leibnitiana réunie par Charles Etienne Jordan depuis les années 1720, une partie importante (et notamment de nombreuses pièces de la correspondance avec la reine Sophie Charlotte) a disparu. Deux fragments datant de la fin de l’été 1703, publiés par Jordan dans son Recueil de 1730, mais restés jusqu’ici ignorés, peuvent désormais être attribués à cette correspondance ou à celle avec l’Electrice Sophie. L’intérêt de Jordan y porte exclusivement sur le bref dialogue entre la princesse et Leibniz au sujet d’une agression contre John Toland. Celui-ci avait séjourné durant les années précédentes aux cours de Hanovre et de Berlin et avait publié plusieurs écrits en faveur de la succession de la maison de Hanovre en Grande-Bretagne. Nos fragments présentent son rôle controversé sous un jour nouveau. Aus der umfangreichen Sammlung von Leibnitiana, die Charles Etienne Jordan seit den 1720er Jahren zusammengetragen hatte, sind beträchtliche Teile (insbesondere aus der Korrespondenz mit Königin Sophie Charlotte) verschollen. Zwei bisher unberücksichtigt gebliebene Fragmente vom Spätsommer 1703, die Jordan in seinem Recueil von 1730 publizierte, lassen sich jetzt dieser Korrespondenz oder der mit Kurfürstin Sophie zuweisen. Jordans Interesse hatte dem kurzen Dialog zwischen der Fürstin und Leibniz über einen tätlichen Angriff auf John Toland gegolten. Dieser hatte sich in den Vorjahren an den Höfen zu Hannover und Berlin aufgehalten und wirkte publizistisch für die englische Sukzession Hannovers. Auf dessen umstrittene Rolle können die Fragmente Licht werfen.

Important parts of the vast Leibnitiana collection, assembled by Charles Etienne Jordan since the 1720 s, have disappeared (namely the correspondence with Queen Sophie Charlotte). Two fragments dating from the late summer of 1703, published by Jordan in his Recueil of 1730, but hitherto ignored, can now be attributed to this correspondence or to that with Electress Sophie. Jordan had only been interested in the brief dialogue between the princess and Leibniz on the subject of a physical attack on John Toland. Toland had spent the preceding years at the courts of Hanover and Berlin and had written several papers in favour of the Hanoverian succession in Great Britain. The fragments may shed some light on his controversial role. De la vaste collection de Leibnitiana réunie par Charles Etienne Jordan depuis les années 1720, une partie importante (et notamment de nombreuses pièces de la correspondance avec la reine Sophie Charlotte) a disparu. Deux fragments datant de la fin de l’été 1703, publiés par Jordan dans son Recueil de 1730, mais restés jusqu’ici ignorés, peuvent désormais être attribués à cette correspondance ou à celle avec l’Electrice Sophie. L’intérêt de Jordan y porte exclusivement sur le bref dialogue entre la princesse et Leibniz au sujet d’une agression contre John Toland. Celui-ci avait séjourné durant les années précédentes aux cours de Hanovre et de Berlin et avait publié plusieurs écrits en faveur de la succession de la maison de Hanovre en Grande-Bretagne. Nos fragments présentent son rôle controversé sous un jour nouveau. Aus der umfangreichen Sammlung von Leibnitiana, die Charles Etienne Jordan seit den 1720er Jahren zusammengetragen hatte, sind beträchtliche Teile (insbesondere aus der Korrespondenz mit Königin Sophie Charlotte) verschollen. Zwei bisher unberücksichtigt gebliebene Fragmente vom Spätsommer 1703, die Jordan in seinem Recueil von 1730 publizierte, lassen sich jetzt dieser Korrespondenz oder der mit Kurfürstin Sophie zuweisen. Jordans Interesse hatte dem kurzen Dialog zwischen der Fürstin und Leibniz über einen tätlichen Angriff auf John Toland gegolten. Dieser hatte sich in den Vorjahren an den Höfen zu Hannover und Berlin aufgehalten und wirkte publizistisch für die englische Sukzession Hannovers. Auf dessen umstrittene Rolle können die Fragmente Licht werfen.

Globally, Upper Devonian sedimentary successions are characterized by multiple organic-rich strata associated with dysoxic to anoxic conditions and biological turnover of varying magnitude, including the Lower and Upper Kellwasser intervals. The cause or causes of the Kellwasser extinction and their relationship to coeval environmental conditions remains actively debated. Here we show that organic-walled microfossils (OWMs) are preserved within the Kellwasser intervals at two localities in western New York State that are otherwise devoid of macrofossils. While OWMs are significantly more abundant within the Upper Kellwasser interval, the assemblages are slightly more diverse within the Lower Kellwasser interval, including two distinct smooth-walled leiosphere populations based on size and, in the more proximal locality, acanthomorphic (spinose) forms. Mo and U concentrations at these localities range from 1–86 ppm and 2–14 ppm respectively, and support oxygen stress, but not persistent anoxia or euxinia, through these events. Notably the Lower Kellwasser exhibits both greater OWM variability and more evidence of anoxic conditions, while the Upper Kellwasser exhibits relatively consistent OWM assemblages and more dysoxic conditions. We interpret OWM abundance, especially large leiosphere forms, as a possible signal of algal blooms potentially associated with eutrophication. Our results suggest that eutrophication may have played a larger role during the Lower Kellwasser event than during the Upper Kellwasser event and demonstrate how OWMs can provide an important link between primary productivity, eutrophication, and the deposition of organic rich-strata.

\"The organizing principle for this anthology is the common Native American heritage of its authors; and yet that thread proves to be the most tenuous of all, as the experience of indigeneity differs radically for each of them. While many experience a centripetal pull toward a cohesive Indian experience, the indications throughout these essays lean toward a richer, more illustrative panorama of difference. What tends to bind them together are not cultural practices or spiritual attitudes per se, but rather circumstances that have no exclusive province in Indian country: that is, first and foremost, poverty, and its attendant symptoms of violence, substance abuse, and both physical and mental illness. . . . Education plays a critical role in such lives: many of the authors recall adoring school as young people, as it constituted a place of escape and a rare opportunity to thrive. . . . While many of the writers do return to their tribal communities after graduation, ideas about 'home' become more malleable and complicated.\"-from the Introduction I Am Where I Come Frompresents the autobiographies of thirteen Native American undergraduates and graduates of Dartmouth College, ten of them current and recent students. Twenty years ago, Cornell University Press publishedFirst Person, First Peoples: Native American College Graduates Tell Their Life Stories, also about the experiences of Native American students at Dartmouth College.I Am Where I Come Fromaddresses similar themes and experiences, but it is very much a new book for a new generation of college students. Three of the essays from the earlier book are gathered into a section titled \"Continuing Education,\" each followed by a shorter reflection from the author on his or her experience since writing the original essay. All three have changed jobs multiple times, returned to school for advanced degrees, started and increased their families, and, along the way, continuously revised and refined what it means to be Indian. The autobiographies contained inI Am Where I Come Fromexplore issues of native identity, adjustment to the college environment, cultural and familial influences, and academic and career aspirations. The memoirs are notable for their eloquence and bravery.