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Abstract Excavations at three urban sites, Harlaa, Harar, and Ganda Harla, in eastern Ethiopia have recovered substantial assemblages of faunal remains. These, the first to be analysed from Islamic contexts in the country, were studied to reconstruct animal economies, and to assess if it was possible to identify Islamic conversion or the presence of Muslims in archaeological contexts through examining butchery practices and diet via the species present. Differences in animal economies between the sites in, for example, management strategies, use of animals for traction, and presence of imported marine fish, infers the development of different traditions. However, conversion to Islam was evident, and although issues of non-observance, mixed communities, and dietary eclecticism have to be acknowledged, the appearance of a similar range of butchery techniques suggests these were linked with the appearance of Muslim traders, and subsequent spread of Islam.

Background In Ethiopia, approximately three-fourths of mothers do not deliver in health facilities. Disrespect and abuse during childbirth fallouts in underutilization of institutional delivery that upshots maternal morbidity and mortality. Thus, the ambition of this study was to assess respectful maternity care and associated factors in Harar hospitals, Eastern Ethiopia. Methods A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted from April 01 to July 01, 2017. A total of 425 women, delivered at Harar town hospitals, were nominated using a systematic random sampling technique. A pretested and organized questionnaire was used to collect the data. After checking for completeness, the data were entered into EpiData version 3.1 and exported to SPSS version 22.0 for cleaning and analyses. Both bivariate and multivariable logistic regression was computed to identify factors associated with respectful maternity care. Statistical significance was declared at a P -value of < 0.05. Results Data were collected on 425 women. Overall, only 38.4% (95% CI: 33.7, 42.0%) of women received respectful maternity care. Delivering at private hospitals [AOR: 2.3, 95% CI: 1.25, 4.07], having ANC follow-up [AOR: 1.8, 95% CI: 1.10, 3.20], planned pregnancy [AOR: 3.0, 95% CI: 1.24, 7.34], labor attended by male provider [AOR: 1.8, 95% CI: 1.14, 2.77] and normal maternal outcome [AOR: 2.3, 95% CI: 1.13, 4.83] were significantly associated with respectful maternity care. Conclusions Only four out of ten women received respectful care during labor and delivery. Providing women-friendly, abusive free, timely and discriminative free care are the bases to improve the uptake of institutional delivery. Execution of respectful care advancement must be the business of all healthcare providers. Furthermore, to come up with a substantial reduction in maternal mortality, great emphasis should be given to make the service woman-centered.

Biological deterioration of drinking water is the major cause of waterborne disease globally. However, there is a paucity of information on identifying the point where deterioration of the bacteriological quality of drinking water occurs (source or point of use) and associated factors among households in developing countries, especially in Ethiopia. A community based cross-sectional study design was conducted among 425 households in Eastern Ethiopia. Households with at least one child under-five years of age were included in the study. A total of 448 Water samples (425 from households and 23 from water sources) were collected and analyzed by the membrane filtration method to identify Thermotolerant coliform. Binary logistic regression was performed to assess the association between each independent and dependent variable. Adjusted Odd Ratios along with 95% Confidence intervals were estimated to identify factors associated with the outcome variable. This study revealed that 21.7%; 95% CI (4.5%, 39.1%) of water sources and 83.3%; 95% CI (79.8%, 87.1%) of households' drinking water were contaminated by thermotolerant coliform. Drinking water samples from households with poor wealth index [AOR = 9.63; 95%CI (2.92, 31.69)], households with unimproved sanitation facility [AOR = 2.81; 95%CI (1.31, 6.01)], households which shares their house with animal [AOR = 3.73; 95%CI (1.66, 8.37)], households that didn't practice household water treatment [AOR = 3.42; 95%CI (1.60, 7.31)] and not washing hands before water collection [AOR = 7.04; 95%CI (2.22, 22.30)] were significantly associated with deterioration of bacteriological quality of household drinking water. This study indicates that the bacteriological quality of drinking water deteriorates from source to point of use. Thus, health education programs on water, sanitation, hygienic practice must be enhanced to improve the quality of drinking water.

Background The bidirectional relationship between the twin epidemics of Tuberculosis (TB) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) causes major global health challenges in the twenty-first century. TB-HIV co-infected people are facing multifaceted problems like high lost to follow up rates, poor treatment adherence, high TB recurrence rate, and high mortality risk. Our objective was to a ssess the outcomes of TB treatment and associated factors among TB-HIV co-infected patients in Harar town, Eastern part of Ethiopia , 2018. Methods A retrospective study was conducted among systematically selected 349 TB/HIV co-infected patients who registered from 2012 to 2017 in two public hospitals in Harar town. The data were collected through document review by using a pre-tested structured data extraction checklist. The data were analyzed using SPSS Version 21. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression were determined at 95% confidence intervals. Results Among the 349 TB/HIV co-infected patients included in the study, 30.1% were cured, 56.7% had completed their treatment, 7.7% died, 1.7% were lost to follow up, and 3.7% were treatment failure. Overall, 86.8% of the TB-HIV co-infected patients had successful TB treatment outcomes. The patients who were on re-treatment category (AOR = 2.91, 95% CI: 1.17–7.28), who had a history of opportunistic infection (AOR = 3.68, 95% CI: 1.62–8.33), and who did not take co-trimoxazole prophylaxis (AOR = 3.54, 95% CI: 1.59–7.89) had 2.91, 3.68, and 3.54 times higher odds of having unsuccessful TB treatment outcome than their counterparties, respectively. The chance of unsuccessful TB treatment outcome was 4.46 (95% CI: 1.24–16.02), 5.94 (95% CI: 1.87–18.85), and 3.01 (95% CI: 1.15–7.91) times higher among TB/HIV patients in stage 2, 3 and 4 than those in stage 1, respectively. Conclusions The overall rate of the success of the TB treatment among TB-HIV co-infected patients in this study was higher compared with many previous studies. TB/HIV patients with a history of previous TB treatment, smear-positive pulmonary TB, late HIV stage, history of opportunistic infection and not being on co-trimoxazole prophylaxis therapy were at a high risk of getting poor treatment outcomes.

Background: Hematological abnormalities are a common complication of malaria infection. However, there is a paucity of evidence regarding it among malaria-infected adult patients in association with the ABO blood group in Ethiopia, particularly in the Harari Region. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the hematological abnormalities among malaria-infected adult patients in association with ABO blood groups at Jinella Health Center, Harar, Eastern Ethiopia. Methods: An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted from July 10, 2022, to January 10, 2023. Four milliliters of venous blood were collected from each study participant. Drops of blood were used for blood film preparation. ABO blood group was determined by agglutination test using monoclonal anti-sera (Agape Diagnostics Ltd., India). A complete blood count was done using the D * H 800 (Beckman Coulter, Inc, Miami, FL) hematology analyzer. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 26. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression models were fitted. The level of significance was declared at a p-value of <0.05. Results: The study revealed that 47.2% (95% CI: 41.0 53.6) of the participants were anemic. Being female (AOR = 3.18, 95% CI = 1.67, 6.04), having the A blood group (AOR = 2.75, CI = 1.20, 6.31), and being infected with P. falciparum (AOR = 2.64, CI = 1.26, 5.53) were all significantly associated with malaria anemia. The overall prevalence of thrombocytopenia was also 67.7% (95% CI: 61.7-73.4%). It was significantly associated with P. falciparum infection (AOR = 8.03, CI = 3.53, 18.25) and high parasitemia levels (AOR = 4.40, CI = 1.57, 12.32). Conclusion: Patients with malaria who belonged to the \"A\" blood group in the study area had anemia as a serious health problem. Hence, frequently checking for anemia in patients with malaria who have blood group \"A\" can help with early detection and better management of anemia. Keywords: malaria, hematological abnormalities, blood groups, Harar, Ethiopia

Background In a woman’s life, labor pain is the most severe pain that they have ever faced. In Ethiopia, the provision of pain relief in labor is often neglected. Furthermore, evidence strongly urged that further research is needed on non-pharmacological labor pain management. Therefore, obstetrics care providers’ attitudes and utilization of non-pharmacological labor pain management need to be assessed. Method A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted from May 20 to June 10, 2021, in Harari regional state health facilities, Ethiopia. All obstetric caregivers in Harari regional state health facilities were included in the study. A structured questionnaire adapted from the previous studies was used to collect data. The data was entered into Epi-data version 3.1 statistical software. Statistical analysis was carried out by using SPSS for windows version 22. Multivariate linear regression analysis was employed to determine the association between independent variables and the outcome variable. Result The overall utilization of non-pharmacological labor pain relief methods was 59.3% [(95% CI (53.9,63.4)]. Three hundred five (65.5%) of the study participants had unfavorable attitudes. Females compared to males (β = − 0.420; 95% CI: − 0.667, − 0.173), clinical experience (β = − 0.201; 95% CI: − 0.268, − 0.134), knowledge sum score (β =0.227: 95%; CI: 0.18,0.247), and attitude sum score (β = 0.376; 95% CI: 0.283, 0.47) were showed significantly association with utilization of non-pharmacological labor pain management. Conclusion The overall utilization of non-pharmacological labor pain relief methods was relatively good compared to other studies done in Ethiopia but all women’s need for labor relief methods should not be ignored. In this study sex of the respondents, clinical experience, individual preference, attitude and knowledge were factors associated with the utilization of non-pharmacological labor pain management. All stake holds need to work together to improve the attitude of health providers and to increase the utilization of non-pharmacologic labor pain management.

Introduction Common mental disorders represent psychiatric co-morbidity in medical illness, which leads to poor adherence to treatment, increased exposure to diagnostic procedures and the cost of treatment, longer hospital stay, and increasing the risk of complications that result in morbidity and mortality among patients admitted to non-psychiatric wards. There is a dearth of evidence related to the prevalence of common mental disorders and associated factors among adult patients admitted to non-psychiatric wards, particularly in the study area. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of common mental disorders and associated factors among adult patients admitted to non-psychiatric wards of public hospitals in the Harari region, eastern Ethiopia. Methods An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 640 randomly selected patients admitted to non-psychiatric wards from November 15 to December 15, 2022. A systematic random sampling technique was employed to select the study participants. Data were collected by interviewer-administered structured and semi-structured questionnaires. Self-report questionnaire (SRQ-20) was used to assess the presence of common mental disorders. The collected data were entered into Epi-data version 3.1 and exported to STATA version 14 for analysis. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression were used to evaluate the association between independent and the outcome variable. Variables with a p -value < 0.05 were taken as statistically significant with an adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence interval. Results The prevalence of common mental disorders among adult patients admitted to non-psychiatric wards was found to be 45.3%, with a 95% CI: of 41.3–49.2. Age 41–51 years (AOR = 1.732, 95% CI: 1.030, 2.913), age 51 and above (AOR = 2.429, 95% CI: 1.515, 3.894), staying at hospital for 1–2 weeks (AOR = 1.743, 95% CI: 1.065, 2.853), staying at hospital for more than 4 weeks (AOR = 2.12, 95% CI: 1.77, 3.29), history of mental illness (AOR = 5.841, 95% CI: 2.274, 15.004), stressful life events (AOR = 1.876, 95% CI: 1.206, 2.9196), current substance use (AOR = 1.688, 95% CI: 1.75, 2.650), and poor social support (AOR = 2.562, 95% CI:1.166, 5.629) were factors significantly associated with common mental disorders. Conclusion The prevalence of common mental disorders among patients admitted to non-psychiatric wards was high. It appears to be significantly associated with age, length of hospital stay, history of mental illness, stressful life events, current substance use, and social support. The study suggested that patients who are admitted to non-psychiatric wards should be screened for common mental disorders and its associated factors as part of routine inpatient care.

Harar (Terminalia chebula) and soybean (Glycine max) are the potential tree and agricultural crops of subtropical region of Himachal Pradesh, India, however the potential of these crops under agroforestry system has not been explored both from ecological and economical point of view. The objective of this paper was to determine the effect of harar–soybean combination on soil chemical properties and to analyse the economics of the agroforestry system as compared to the open system. Soybean was grown under harar trees as per the recommended package of practices. Before sowing and after harvesting, soil samples were collected from four directions (East, West, North and South) at three distances (1, 2 and 3 m) from harar trees and open cropping system (sole soybean) for determining chemical properties (pH, electrical conductivity and organic carbon) and nutrient dynamics (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium). In addition, the soil at two depths (0–15 cm and 15–30 cm) under trees at 2 m distance and in open was analyzed by GC–MS before and after cropping for the presence of allelochemicals that may affect crop yield. The economics of tree-crop combination was worked out and compared with the sole cropping system. The soil chemical properties and available nutrients in soil exhibited maximum values in the north direction. Except available phosphorus content, values of all the studied properties of soil increased with an increase in the distance of soybean crop from harar. It was also observed that values of soil chemical properties and nutrient contents increased significantly after intercropping in comparison to those before intercropping soybean. A substantial increase in soil properties was observed under the agroforestry system over the sole cropping system before sowing and after harvesting soybean. It was revealed that allelochemicals viz., octadecanoic acid, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid and phthalic acid which do exist in harar trees were also detected in soil under the canopy of harar trees. The total cost of cultivation (Rs. 45,028.49 ha−1), gross returns (Rs. 101,937.78 ha−1), net returns (Rs. 56,909.29 ha−1) and benefit–cost ratio (2.26) were higher under the agroforestry system (harar + soybean) over sole soybean cropping. Improvement in soil health, soybean yield and higher economic returns indicated that combination of harar and soybean can be a viable option for farmers of subtropical areas of Himachal Pradesh for the upliftment of their socioeconomic status.

Introduction: Pesticides are frequently used by plant cultivars to control pests that could affect yield. Although many local farmers in Eastern Ethiopia use organophosphate insecticides extensively for the production of khat, the pattern and treatment outcome of acute poisoning of these organophosphates has been poorly quantified and reported in this region. Materials and Method: A cross-sectional study design was employed at two public hospitals found in Harari region, Ethiopia. The data were collected through face-to-face interviews and card review, then analyzed with SPSS version 20. Pearson’s Chi-square test was used to compare independent variables with the treatment outcome. Statistical significance is defined at 95% confidence interval of odds ratio not including 1 or p < 0.05. Results: A total of 135 cases of organophosphate were admitted in the emergency departments of the hospitals during the study period. 42.2% of participants were adolescents (age: 11–20 years) while the mean age of all participants was 18.8 ± 12.9 years with a range of 1–61 years. 73.7% of the study participants were rural residents. The result showed that 47.4% of the cases were exposed to the poison accidentally. Family disharmony was the common reason among cases poisoned intentionally. The mean time elapsed between poisoning and reaching the health facility was 3.1 h. Atropine was administered for 47% of the cases. About 11% of cases expired following the poison. The home remedy given, lag time, and residency were found to be factors significantly related to poor treatment outcomes. Conclusion: Easy availability, low cost, and excessive popularity of organophosphate use as pesticides in Eastern Ethiopia have increased the incidence of ingestion, resulting in increasing intentional and unintentional poisoning. In the present study, accidental exposure accounts for 47.4%.