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"Hardiness"
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Moringa leaf extract improves biochemical attributes, yield and grain quality of rice
Changing climate, food shortage, water scarcity and rapidly increasing population are some of the emerging challenges globally. Drought stress is the most devastating threat for agricultural productivity. Natural plant growth substances are intensively used to improve the productivity of crop plants grown under stressed and benign environments. The current study evaluated whether leaf extract of different moringa (Moringa oleifera L.) could play a role in improving drought-tolerance of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Rice plants were grown under three drought conditions, i.e., no, moderate and severe drought (100, 75 and 50% field capacity, respectively). Moringa leaf extract (MLE) obtained from four landraces (Multan, Faisalabad, D. G. Khan and exotic landrace from India) was applied during critical crop growth stages, i.e., tillering, panicle initiation and grain filling. Drought stress adversely affected the gas exchange attributes, photosynthetic pigments, antioxidant enzymes' activities, yield and quality parameters of rice. Application of MLE from all landraces significantly improved physiological, biochemical and yield parameters under stressed and normal environmental conditions. The highest improvement in gas exchange traits (photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and respiration rate), photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids) and enzymatic activities (superoxide dismutase, catalase) and oxidative marker (H.sub.2 O.sub.2) was recorded with MLE obtained from Faisalabad landrace. The application of MLE of Faisalabad landrace also improved yield and grain quality of rice grown under drought stress as well as drought-free environment. Thus, MLE of Faisalabad can be successfully used to improve growth, productivity and grain quality of rice under drought stress.
Journal Article
Integrative metabolomics and transcriptomics profiling reveals differential expression of flavonoid synthesis in Ophiopogon japonicus
Drought is one of the consequences of climate change that severely affects plant growth and development. Ophiopogon japonicus (L. f.) Ker-Gawl. (Chinese name: Chuanmaidong, abbreviated as CMD) is a commonly used herbaceous plant whose growth and development are strongly affected by drought. Here, we comprehensively analyzed the transcriptomic and metabolic responses of two CMD varieties (EP and CP) to drought stress. CP utilized a small number of differentially expressed genes to regulate a greater number of differential metabolites compared to EP, suggesting that it may be more drought tolerant. In addition, integrated transcriptome and metabolome analyses revealed that transcription factors such as WRKY, TIFY, and C2H2 regulate flavonoid synthesis in CMD. These findings provide ideas for in-depth analysis of the mechanism of CMD against drought stress, and provide a theoretical basis for breeding high-quality drought-tolerant varieties.
Journal Article
Analyzing cold hardiness
In this study, we conducted a low-temperature exothermic (LTE) investigation on 1-year-old (1a) branches of sixteen peach cultivars through a differential thermal analysis (DTA) procedure. We used a three-point approach to determine the lethal injury temperature (LT-I) of the xylem, the LTE correlation indexes, and the subordinate function value method were applied to compare cold hardiness of sixteen peach varieties. The results showed that the slope of the LT-I for the xylem of sixteen peach cultivars was different, and the LTE indexes were significantly different. Among all the studied varieties, the cold hardiness was strongest in Donghe No.1, followed by Wangjiazhuangmaotao No.2 and Hunchun. Qiuyan and Yanhong are second, and belong to the cold-resistant type; Qiuyi, Okubo, Zhongnongjinhui, and Chunmei, exhibited medium cold hardiness. Zhongtaohongyu, Spring snow, Yufei, and Zhongyou No.8 varieties exhibited low hardiness; while the 21st century, Golden Honey No. 1 and Zhonghuashoutao have the worst cold hardiness and are the weakest cold-hardiness types. In addition, the injury degrees of xylem from LT-I analysis were significantly related to the browning rates (BR) and electrolytic leakage (EI) from traditional low temperature freezing analysis. It is demonstrated that the LTE analysis is a simple, accurate, and practical method for identifying the cold hardiness of 1a branches of peach.
Journal Article
Role of exogenous silica fertilization and genotype selection in attenuating oxidative and osmotic stress in wheat
Drought stress negatively affects wheat crop production worldwide. Selection of drought tolerant varieties and application of silicon (Si) can help to uplift the crop production. The present investigation was aimed to screen drought tolerant wheat varieties by evaluating the potential of Si fertilization. Study was conducted in two sets of experiments, in first (hydroponic) investigation two wheat varieties out of eleven were screened out based upon agronomic parameters, membrane stability, potassium (K.sup.+) distribution and tolerance index. The screened varieties were then subjected to different silicon fertilizers under water deficit pot conditions in second experiment and impact of Si sources was monitored via agronomic, physiological and biochemical attributes. Faisalabad-08 and Anaj-17 were best performing varieties in tested parameters. The silica fertilizer application improved the growth, physiological, biochemical and ionic attributes under water deficit and increased the grain yield of crop. Among tested sources, silicic acid proved best as compared to other silicates in terms of ameliorating the osmotic stress. The silicic acid application improved the root and shoot growth parameters i.e. increased plant height by 13% and grain yield by 43%, relative water contents (30%), membrane stability (46%), antioxidant activity (up to 64%), organic solutes production and silicification of cell wall by increasing Si uptake by 9 folds. It was observed that combined use of tolerant varieties and silica fertilizer as silicic acid can uplift plant growth and production under water deficit conditions. Further field investigations are recommended to check crop economics of applied treatments.
Journal Article
Identification of PP2C gene family and its role in stress and adversity based on T2T flax
The PP2C gene family plays crucial roles in plant growth, development, and responses to biotic/abiotic stresses. Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), as an important oilseed and fiber crop, lacks comprehensive characterization of its PP2C genes. In this study, we conducted a genome-wide bioinformatics analysis of the PP2C gene family in flax using the Telomere to Telomere (T2T) genome assembly, identifying 117 LuPP2C genes. Phylogenetic analysis classified these LuPP2C proteins into 11 distinct subclades. Gene structure and motif analyses revealed conserved exon-intron architectures and motif compositions among members within the same phylogenetic branches. Cis-regulatory element analysis of LuPP2C promoters identified abundant stress-responsive elements, including those associated with plant hormones (MeJA and ABA) and abiotic stresses (anaerobic induction, drought responsiveness, and low-temperature adaptation). Genomic duplication events revealed 104 segmental duplication pairs, suggesting expansion through large-scale duplication. miRNA target prediction identified lus-miR395 as the predominant miRNA targeting LuPP2C family members. Expression profiling demonstrated preferential expression of most LuPP2C members in leaf tissues. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis further revealed that subfamily A genes, particularly LuPP2C26 and LuPP2C99, were significantly upregulated under cold, drought, and salt stress conditions. Functional validation through heterologous expression confirmed that overexpression of LuPP2C26 and LuPP2C99 enhances salt tolerance in yeast transformants. These findings systematically characterize the flax PP2C family and provide insights into its potential roles in stress adaptation mechanisms.
Journal Article
Plant–microbiome interactions: from community assembly to plant health
Healthy plants host diverse but taxonomically structured communities of microorganisms, the plant microbiota, that colonize every accessible plant tissue. Plant-associated microbiomes confer fitness advantages to the plant host, including growth promotion, nutrient uptake, stress tolerance and resistance to pathogens. In this Review, we explore how plant microbiome research has unravelled the complex network of genetic, biochemical, physical and metabolic interactions among the plant, the associated microbial communities and the environment. We also discuss how those interactions shape the assembly of plant-associated microbiomes and modulate their beneficial traits, such as nutrient acquisition and plant health, in addition to highlighting knowledge gaps and future directions.In this Review, Trivedi and colleagues explore the interactions between plants, their associated microbial communities and the environment, and also discuss how those interactions shape the assembly of plant-associated microbiomes and modulate their beneficial traits.
Journal Article
Identification and characterization of genes related to salt stress tolerance within segregation distortion regions of genetic map in F.sub.2 population of upland cotton
Segregation distortion (SD) is a genetic mechanism commonly found in segregating or stable populations. The principle behind this puzzles many researchers. The F.sub.2 generation developed from wild Gossypium darwinii and G. hirsutum CCRI12 species was used to investigate the possible transcription factors within the segregation distortion regions (SDRs). The 384 out of 2763 markers were distorted in 29 SDRs on 18 chromosomes. Good collinearity was observed among genetic and physical maps of G. hirsutum and G. barbadense syntenic blocks. Total 568 genes were identified from SDRs of 18 chromosomes. Out of these genes, 128 belonged to three top-ranked salt-tolerant gene families. The DUF597 contained 8 uncharacterized genes linked to Pkinase (PF00069) gene family in the phylogenetic tree, while 15 uncharacterized genes clustered with the zinc finger gene family. Two hundred thirty four miRNAs targeted numerous genes, including ghr-miR156, ghr-miR399 and ghr-miR482, while others targeted top-ranked stress-responsive transcription factors. Moreover, these genes were involved in the regulation of numerous stress-responsive cis-regulatory elements. The RNA sequence data of fifteen upregulated genes were verified through the RT-qPCR. The expression profiles of two highly upregulated genes (Gh_D01G2015 and Gh_A01G1773) in salt-tolerant G. darwinii showed antagonistic expression in G. hirsutum. The results indicated that salt-tolerant genes have been possibly transferred from the wild G. darwinii species. A detailed functional analysis of these genes can be carried out which might be helpful in the future for gene cloning, transformation, gene editing and the development of salt-resistant cotton varieties.
Journal Article
Heavy metal detoxification and tolerance mechanisms in plants: Implications for phytoremediation
Heavy metals, such as cobalt, copper, manganese, molybdenum, and zinc, are essential in trace amounts for growth by plants and other living organisms. However, in excessive amounts these heavy metals have deleterious effects. Like other organisms, plants possess a variety of detoxification mechanisms to counter the harmful effects of heavy metals. These include the restriction of heavy metals by mycorrhizal association, binding with plant cell wall and root excretions, metal efflux from the plasma membrane, metal chelation by phytochelatins and metallothioneins, and compartmentalization within the vacuole. Phytoremediation is an emerging technology that uses plants and their associated rhizospheric microorganisms to remove pollutants from contaminated sites. This technology is inexpensive, efficient, and ecofriendly. This review focuses on potential cellular and molecular adaptations by plants that are necessary to tolerate heavy metal stress.
Journal Article