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Islanders in the empire : Filipino and Puerto Rican laborers in Hawai'i
\"In the early 1900s, workers from new U.S. colonies in the Philippines and Puerto Rico held unusual legal status. Denied citizenship, they nonetheless had the right to move freely in and out of U.S. jurisdiction. As a result, Filipinos and Puerto Ricans could seek jobs in the United States and its territories despite the anti-immigration policies in place at the time. JoAnna Poblete's Islanders in the Empire: Filipino and Puerto Rican Laborers in Hawai'i takes an in-depth look at how the two groups fared in a third new colony, Hawai'i. Using plantation documents, missionary records, government documents, and oral histories, Poblete analyzes how the workers interacted with Hawaiian government structures and businesses, how U.S. policies for colonial workers differed from those for citizens or foreigners, and how policies aided corporate and imperial interests. A rare tandem study of two groups at work on foreign soil, Islanders in the Empire offers a new perspective on American imperialism and labor issues of the era\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Factors Affecting the Density of Metabetaeus lohena (Decapoda: Alpheidae) at a High-Density Anchialine Pool Environment on the Kona Coast of the Island of Hawai‘i
Caridean shrimps (Caridea) are the dominant macroinvertebrates in most anchialine ecosystems. Hawaiian anchialine ecosystems, primarily composed of shallow surface pools connected to the ocean via hypogeal networks of cracks, tubes, and other voids, support 10 caridean shrimp species, including two federally listed as endangered. Little is known about most of these species. The objective of this study was to identify factors that affect the abundance and distribution of Metabetaeus lohena (Alpheidae), an uncommon species found across the Hawaiian Archipelago, at Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park, Island of Hawai‘i. This park supports the highest concentration of anchialine pools in the State of Hawai‘i and is critical to protecting this threatened ecosystem. During 2017, we measured the density of M. lohena during nighttime surveys, as well as a variety of other biological, physical, and chemical parameters, in 130 pools. Metabetaeus lohena occupied 71.5% of the pools surveyed, with a mean density of 7.32 individuals/m2 (95% CI = 5.14–9.49). Invasive fish and the endemic shrimp Halocaridina rubra (Atyidae) had the strongest effects on M. lohena density, with negative and positive relations, respectively. In the first estimate of M. lohena density at this scale, our data indicate that Kaloko-Honokōhau supports about 11,480 shrimp (95% CI = 8,054–14,906) in the pools surveyed. Furthermore, our models predict that this park could support an additional 1,695 individuals (95% CI = 955–3,008) for a population of about 13,175 shrimp if fish were removed from 19 pools in which M. lohena are absent.
Journal Article
Motivating residents to combat invasive species on private lands
Invasive species (IS) threaten biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. To achieve landscape-scale reductions in IS and the associated gains for biodiversity, IS control efforts must be expanded across private lands. Enhancing IS control across private lands requires an understanding of the factors that motivate residents to engage or prohibit residents from engaging in efforts to control IS. Drawing from the collective interest model and literature, we sought to understand how a wide range of interpersonal, intrapersonal, and contextual factors might influence resident action around combating the invasive tree albizia (Falcataria moluccana), in the Puna District of Hawai'i. To do so, we used a cross-sectional survey of 243 residents and elastic net regression techniques. We found that residents’ actions related to IS control were related to their perceptions of social norms and community reciprocity regarding albizia control, as well as their knowledge of effective control strategies and their risk perceptions regarding albizia. These findings suggest that, although common intervention approaches that focus on providing education or subsidies are important, they may be more effective at reducing the spread of IS if coupled with approaches that build community reciprocity and norms.
Journal Article
Telemetry reveals potential mating aggregation behavior of tiger sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier) in Hawaiʻi
Tiger sharks (
Galeocerdo cuvier
) are typically solitary marine predators that are rarely observed forming aggregations. We analyzed long-term acoustic telemetry data from the Hawaiian Archipelago that indicate that there are seasonal partial migrations within the population. We investigated whether these migrations are driven primarily by mating or foraging behaviors. Mature tiger sharks tagged around O ‘ahu migrated seasonally to Maui, with timing aligned with the known mating season in Hawai ‘i. In contrast, sharks tagged around Maui displayed year-round residency (no seasonal departures). Seasonal philopatry was most pronounced at Olowalu, Maui. At this site, we observed a high spatiotemporal overlap between mature males and females and physical signs of mating activity for both sexes, which suggested a mating aggregation. Shark abundance at Olowalu peaked approximately one month prior to the peak presence of adult humpback whales (
Megaptera novaeangliae
). Whale calf abundance was moderately correlated with shark detection rates, suggesting that foraging opportunities might also influence the timing of shark aggregations. These aggregations appear diffuse rather than dense, extending over several kilometers and persisting for several weeks. Our findings provide the first evidence of potential seasonal mating aggregations in tiger sharks, a behavior previously undocumented for this typically solitary species.
Journal Article
Spatial patterns of seasonal crop production suggest coordination within and across dryland agricultural systems of Hawaiʻi Island
Hawaiian dryland agriculture is believed to have played an important role in the rise of archaic states and consolidation of political power. At the same time, the sensitivity of agricultural production in dryland field systems to temporal variability in climate would have had implications for economic and political relationships, both competitive and cooperative. In this study, we explore whether and how annual cycles of climate might have constrained seasonal cultivation and crop production in three rain-fed field systems on the Island of Hawaiʻi. We utilized a recently developed monthly gridded climate dataset for the Hawaiian Islands to compare the Kohala, Kona, and Kaʻū field systems in terms of mean annual climate and seasonality. We found that despite superficial similarities in elevation and annual rainfall, the field systems differ in climatic variables associated with evaporative water loss and in the timing of the rainy season. Aridity, a ratio of evaporative demand to rainfall, is strongly seasonal for Kohala and Kaʻū relative to Kona. When we imposed temperature and moisture criteria to visualize seasonal cultivation envelopes defined for sweet potato (Ipomea batatas), we found strong spatial patterns associated with the onset and length of the growing season, and these suggest seasonal complementarity in crop production within and between field systems. This complementarity indicates coordination both within and between field systems through consolidation, coercion, or increased cooperation could have alleviated periodic food stress and contributed to more stable political hierarchies, which may explain similarities in their respective chronologies of development. We suggest that our approach for characterizing seasonal constraints to dryland cultivation provides a useful tool for advancing continued restoration and research in these and other rain-fed dryland systems across Hawaiʻi and the tropics.
Journal Article
A Unique 100 Meter Underwater Survey Method Documents Changes in Abundance, Richness, and Community Structure of Hawaiʹi Reef Fishes
Hawai ′ i coral reefs are essential ecosystems providing resources in the form of food and recreation as well as stabilizing nearshore biodiversity. The Seattle Aquarium has exhibited Hawai ′ i reef fishes and corals since the mid-1980s to educate guests about these critical ecosystems. In 2009, and in collaboration with Hawai ′ i’s Division of Aquatic Resources (DAR) and Washington State University, the aquarium expanded its conservation work in Hawai ′ i through annual surveying of eight reefs along the west coast of Hawai ′ i via SCUBA-based diver operated video (DOV). Five of the sites are in areas partially closed to most fishing while three sites are in areas partially open to most fishing. 100-meter DOV surveys took place a meter above a horizontal or vertical reef, and survey locations were marked with GPS and fixed underwater markings to enable annual surveys to occur in the same locations. Counts of fish species were subsequently made from the archived video. Over the 11 year dataset we documented increased total abundance at all sites and periods of increasing and decreasing species richness. Multivariate analyses comparing fish community structure before (2009-2012) and after an anomalous warm-water event (2013-2019) documented a persistent shift in community structure. This coincides with a documented marine heat wave in Hawai ′ i and associated coral bleaching events between 2013-2016. These results suggest that our long-term monitoring program captured a phase shift in community structure associated with changing environmental conditions. These persistent shifts may thus indicate hysteresis at relatively short temporal scales, and ongoing monitoring is required to observe whether the systems shift back to the pre-2013 community structure. As coral reef ecosystems face a multitude of stressors from warming waters to marine pollution, long-term monitoring programs are essential to illuminate trends that may inform conservation and management strategies to preserve these imperiled ecosystems.
Journal Article
The Impact of Light Attraction on Adult Seabirds and the Effectiveness of Minimization Actions
Light attraction is a well-documented phenomenon affecting seabirds worldwide, with most reported incidents involving juvenile birds grounded around urban areas or brightly lit structures at sea immediately after fledging. However, there is little in the literature regarding the impact of light attraction on breeding adult seabirds on land. This paper describes a fallout event of adults of two endangered seabird species due to lights at a single facility on the island of Kaua‘i, Hawaii, and the effectiveness of subsequent minimization actions once a new lighting regime was adopted. From 1–16 September 2015, 131 adult endangered seabirds including 123 ‘a‘o (Newell’s Shearwaters Puffinus newelli) and six ‘ua‘u (Hawaiian Petrels Pterodroma sandwichensis) were grounded by lights at the Kōke‘e Air Force Station. Most birds had brood patches indicating they were breeders. In response, the facility altered its lighting protocol with a blackout period in effect for the remainder of 2015, and significantly reduced lighting from 2016 onwards. Intensive seabird monitoring was undertaken annually from 2016 onwards. Apart from two Newell’s Shearwater adults grounded in 2016 (before the lights were turned out at the start of the seabird season) and one each in 2020 and 2023, no additional grounded birds were found. This fallout event demonstrates that light attraction can be a significant hazard for adult seabirds if bright lights are present near breeding colonies. We provide recommendations for best practice light minimization actions for similar scenarios worldwide where discrete facilities or urban infrastructure are adjacent to breeding colonies of nocturnal Procellariid seabirds.
Journal Article
Biology and Impacts of Pacific Islands Invasive Species: Falcataria falcata (Miquel) Barneby and Grimes (Fabaceae)
Falcataria falcata, until recently known as Falcataria moluccana and commonly known as albizia, is a large, fast-growing tree native to the Malaysian peninsula, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and Solomon Islands. It has been introduced to, and become naturalized in, continental Africa, Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands. F. falcata is an early successional pioneer species that typically establishes via purposeful plantings. It readily spreads and outcompetes other tree species as a function of its symbiotic nitrogen-fixing capacity, copious long-lived seedbanks, and rapid growth rates. Due to their large stature at maturity (>30 m in height) and unstable architecture, F. falcata stands have the capacity to substantively alter the composition, structure, and function of lowland wet forests, and they pose a potent threat to both native forests and human communities across the Pacific. Despite negative aspects associated with its invasion, F. falcata has been harnessed for commercial profit and to increase soil fertility, particularly in its native range. F. falcata can be a component of productive agroforestry systems; the wood is used for firewood, as energy for industry, and timber in light construction. The nutrient-rich biomass of the tree is also used as mulch to increase crop production. However, given that mature stands were primarily responsible for millions of dollars of damage resulting from catastrophic tree fall during Tropical Storm Iselle on Hawai‘i Island, and the potential interactions with climate change and development, managing this tree for its benefits as well as expanding research for its control is warranted.
Journal Article
Highlighting the Use of UAV to Increase the Resilience of Native Hawaiian Coastal Cultural Heritage
The use of Uncrewed Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) is becoming a preferred method for supporting integrated coastal zone management, including cultural heritage sites. Loko i′a, traditional Hawaiian fishponds located along the coastline, have historically provided sustainable seafood sources. These coastal cultural heritage sites are undergoing revitalization through community-driven restoration efforts. However, sea level rise (SLR) poses a significant climate-induced threat to coastal areas globally. Loko i′a managers seek adaptive strategies to address SLR impacts on flooding, water quality, and the viability of raising native fish species. This study utilizes extreme tidal events, known as King Tides, as a proxy to estimate future SLR scenarios and their impacts on loko i′a along the Keaukaha coastline in Hilo, Hawai′i. In situ water level sensors were deployed at each site to assess flooding by the loko i′a type and location. We also compare inundation modeled from UAV-Structure from Motion (SfM) Digital Elevation Models (DEM) to publicly available Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) DEMs, alongside observed flooding documented by UAV imagery in real time. The average water levels (0.64 m and 0.88 m) recorded in this study during the 2023 King Tides are expected to reflect the average sea levels projected for 2060–2080 in Hilo, Hawai′i. Our findings indicate that high-resolution UAV-derived DEMs accurately model observed flooding (with 89% or more agreement), whereas LiDAR-derived flood models significantly overestimate observed flooding (by 2–5 times), outlining a more conservative approach. To understand how UAV datasets can enhance the resilience of coastal cultural heritage sites, we looked into the cost, spatial resolution, accuracy, and time necessary for acquiring LiDAR- and UAV-derived datasets. This study ultimately demonstrates that UAVs are effective tools for monitoring and planning for the future impacts of SLR on coastal cultural heritage sites at a community level.
Journal Article
A screening system to predict wildfire risk of invasive plants
Globally, invasive plant-fueled wildfires have tremendous environmental, economical, and societal impacts, and the frequencies of wildfires and plant invasions are on an upward trend globally. Identifying which plant species tend to increase the frequency or severity of wildfire is important to help manage their impacts. We developed a screening system to identify introduced plant species that are likely to increase wildfire risk, using the Hawaiian Islands to test the system and illustrate how the system can be applied to inform management decisions. Expert-based fire risk scores derived from field experiences with 49 invasive species in Hawai′i were used to train a machine learning model that predicts expert fire risk scores from among 21 plant traits obtained from literature and databases. The model revealed that just four variables can identify species categorized as higher fire risk by experts with 90% accuracy, while low risk species were identified with 79% accuracy. We then used the predictive model to screen > 140 recently naturalized plants in Hawai′i to illustrate how the screening tool can be applied. The screening tool identified a managebly small set of species (6% of naturalizations in the last ~ 10 years) that are likely to pose a high fire risk and can be targeted for eradication or containment to reduce future wildfire risks. Because the screening system uses general plant traits that are likely relevant to fire risk in drylands around the world, it can likely be applied with minimal modification to other regions where invasive plants pose potential fire risks.
Journal Article