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"Hazardous Substances - toxicity"
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Randomized Controlled Trial of an Intervention to Improve Nurses' Hazardous Drug Handling
To evaluate whether a web-based educational intervention improved personal protective equipment (PPE) use among oncology nurses who handle hazardous drugs.
From 2015 to 2017, the authors partnered with 12 ambulatory oncology settings in the United States to enroll 396 nurses, 257 of whom completed baseline and primary endpoint surveys.
In a cluster randomized controlled trial, 136 nurses in control settings received a one-hour educational module on PPE use with quarterly reminders, and 121 nurses in treatment settings received the control intervention plus tailored messages to address perceived barriers and quarterly data gathered on hazardous drug spills across all study settings. The primary outcome was nurse-reported PPE use.
Control and intervention sites had suboptimal PPE use before and after the intervention. No significant differences were observed in PPE use knowledge or perceived barriers. Participants reported high satisfaction with the study experience.
Hazardous drug exposure confers notable health risks to healthcare workers. To improve hazardous drug handling, occupational healthcare workers, health systems, and professional organizations should consider coordinated efforts to implement policy and practice changes.
Journal Article
Designing for a green chemistry future
The material basis of a sustainable society will depend on chemical products and processes that are designed following principles that make them conducive to life. Important inherent properties of molecules need to be considered from the earliest stage—the design stage—to address whether compounds and processes are depleting versus renewable, toxic versus benign, and persistent versus readily degradable. Products, feedstocks, and manufacturing processes will need to integrate the principles of green chemistry and green engineering under an expanded definition of performance that includes sustainability considerations. This transformation will require the best of the traditions of science and innovation coupled with new emerging systems thinking and systems design that begins at the molecular level and results in a positive impact on the global scale.
Journal Article
Air pollution: a global problem needs local fixes
Researchers must find the particles that are most dangerous to health in each place so policies can reduce levels of those pollutants first, urge Xiangdong Li and colleagues.
Researchers must find the particles that are most dangerous to health in each place so policies can reduce levels of those pollutants first, urge Xiangdong Li and colleagues.
Photographers take photos on the roof of a building in heavy smog in Zhengzhou, China
Journal Article
Ingested plastic transfers hazardous chemicals to fish and induces hepatic stress
Plastic debris litters aquatic habitats globally, the majority of which is microscopic (< 1 mm) and is ingested by a large range of species. Risks associated with such small fragments come from the material itself and from chemical pollutants that sorb to it from surrounding water. Hazards associated with the complex mixture of plastic and accumulated pollutants are largely unknown. Here, we show that fish, exposed to a mixture of polyethylene with chemical pollutants sorbed from the marine environment, bioaccumulate these chemical pollutants and suffer liver toxicity and pathology. Fish fed virgin polyethylene fragments also show signs of stress, although less severe than fish fed marine polyethylene fragments. We provide baseline information regarding the bioaccumulation of chemicals and associated health effects from plastic ingestion in fish and demonstrate that future assessments should consider the complex mixture of the plastic material and their associated chemical pollutants.
Journal Article
STopTox: An in Silico Alternative to Animal Testing for Acute Systemic and Topical Toxicity
Modern chemical toxicology is facing a growing need to Reduce, Refine, and Replace animal tests (Russell 1959) for hazard identification. The most common type of animal assays for acute toxicity assessment of chemicals used as pesticides, pharmaceuticals, or in cosmetic products is known as a \"6-pack\" battery of tests, including three topical (skin sensitization, skin irritation and corrosion, and eye irritation and corrosion) and three systemic (acute oral toxicity, acute inhalation toxicity, and acute dermal toxicity) end points.
We compiled, curated, and integrated, to the best of our knowledge, the largest publicly available data sets and developed an ensemble of quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models for all six end points. All models were validated according to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) QSAR principles, using data on compounds not included in the training sets.
In addition to high internal accuracy assessed by cross-validation, all models demonstrated an external correct classification rate ranging from 70% to 77%. We established a publicly accessible Systemic and Topical chemical Toxicity (STopTox) web portal (https://stoptox.mml.unc.edu/) integrating all developed models for 6-pack assays.
We developed STopTox, a comprehensive collection of computational models that can be used as an alternative to
6-pack tests for predicting the toxicity hazard of small organic molecules. Models were established following the best practices for the development and validation of QSAR models. Scientists and regulators can use the STopTox portal to identify putative toxicants or nontoxicants in chemical libraries of interest. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP9341.
Journal Article
Megavariate analysis of environmental QSAR data. Part I – A basic framework founded on principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares (PLS), and statistical molecular design (SMD)
This paper introduces principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares projections to latent structures (PLS), and statistical molecular design (SMD) as useful tools in deriving multi- and megavariate quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models. Two QSAR data sets from the fields of environmental toxicology and environmental chemistry are worked out in detail, showing the benefits of PCA, PLS and SMD. PCA is useful when overviewing a data set and exploring relationships among compounds and relationships among variables. PLS is the regression extension of PCA and is used for establishing QSARs. SMD is essential for selecting informative training and test sets of compounds for QSAR calibration and validation.
Journal Article
Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) Studies on the Toxic Effects of Nitroaromatic Compounds (NACs): A Systematic Review
Nitroaromatic compounds (NACs) are ubiquitous in the environment due to their extensive industrial applications. The recalcitrance of NACs causes their arduous degradation, subsequently bringing about potential threats to human health and environmental safety. The problem of how to effectively predict the toxicity of NACs has drawn public concern over time. Quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) is introduced as a cost-effective tool to quantitatively predict the toxicity of toxicants. Both OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) and REACH (Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals) legislation have promoted the use of QSAR as it can significantly reduce living animal testing. Although numerous QSAR studies have been conducted to evaluate the toxicity of NACs, systematic reviews related to the QSAR modeling of NACs toxicity are less reported. The purpose of this review is to provide a thorough summary of recent QSAR studies on the toxic effects of NACs according to the corresponding classes of toxic response endpoints.
Journal Article
Health Risk Assessment of Dietary Cadmium Intake: Do Current Guidelines Indicate How Much is Safe?
Cadmium (Cd), a food-chain contaminant, is a significant health hazard. The kidney is one of the primary sites of injury after chronic Cd exposure. Kidney-based risk assessment establishes the urinary Cd threshold at 5.24 μg/g creatinine, and tolerable dietary intake of Cd at 62 μg/day per 70-kg person. However, cohort studies show that dietary Cd intake below a threshold limit and that tolerable levels may increase the risk of death from cancer, cardiovascular disease, and Alzheimer's disease.
We evaluated if the current tolerable dietary Cd intake guideline and urinary Cd threshold limit provide sufficient health protection.
Staple foods constitute 40-60% of total dietary Cd intake by average consumers. Diets high in shellfish, crustaceans, mollusks, spinach, and offal add to dietary Cd sources. Modeling studies predict the current tolerable dietary intake corresponding to urinary Cd of 0.70-1.85 μg/g creatinine in men and 0.95-3.07 μg/g creatinine in women. Urinary Cd levels of < 1 μg/g creatinine were associated with progressive kidney dysfunction and peripheral vascular disease. A urinary Cd of 0.37 μg/g creatinine was associated with breast cancer, whereas dietary Cd of 16-31.5 μg/day was associated with 25-94% increase in risk of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer.
Modeling shows that dietary intake levels for Cd exceed the levels associated with kidney damage and many other adverse outcomes. Thus, the threshold level of urinary Cd should be re-evaluated. A more restrictive dietary intake guideline would afford enhanced health protection from this pervasive toxic metal. Citation: Satarug S, Vesey DA, Gobe GC. 2017. Health risk assessment of dietary cadmium intake: do current guidelines indicate how much is safe? Environ Health Perspect 125:284-288; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP108.
Journal Article
Hamilton & Hardy's Industrial Toxicology (6th Edition)
Providing a concise, yet comprehensive, reference on all aspects of industrial exposures and toxicants; this book aids toxicologists, industrial hygienists, and occupational physicians to investigate workplace health problems. Updates and expands coverage with new chapters covering regulatory toxicology, toxicity testing, physical hazards, high production volume (HPV) chemicals, and workplace drug use; Includes information on occupational and environmental sources of exposure, mammalian toxicology, industrial hygiene, medical management and ecotoxicology; Retains a succinct chapter format that has become the hallmark for the previous editions; Distils a vast amount of information into one resource for both academics and professionals.
eBook