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"Health Resources history Singapore."
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Persistence of Fortune: Accounting for Population Movements, There Was No Post-Columbian Reversal
Using data on place of origin of today's country populations and the indicators of level of development in 1500 used by Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson (2002), we confirm a reversal of fortune for colonized countries as territories, but find persistence of fortune for people and their descendants. Persistence results are at least as strong for three alternative measures of early development, for which reversal for territories, however, fails to hold. Additional exercises lend support to Glaeser et al.'s (2004) view that human capital is a more fundamental channel of influence of precolonial conditions on modern development than is quality of institutions.
Journal Article
The Emergence of an Export Cluster: Traders and Palm Oil in Early Twentieth-Century Southeast Asia
Malaysia and Indonesia account for 90 percent of global exports of palm oil, forming one of the largest agricultural clusters in the world. This article uses archival sources to trace how this cluster emerged from the rubber business in the era of British and Dutch colonialism. Specifically, the rise of palm oil in this region was due to three interrelated factors: (1) the institutional environment of the existing rubber cluster; (2) an established community of foreign traders; and (3) a trading hub in Singapore that offered a multitude of advanced services. This analysis stresses the historical dimension of clusters, which has been neglected in the previous management and strategy works, by connecting cluster emergence to the business history of trading firms. The article also extends the current literature on cluster emergence by showing that the rise of this cluster occurred parallel, and intimately related, to the product specialization within international trading houses.
Journal Article
Closing a Sociodemographic Chapter of Chinese History
At its recent Fifth Plenary Session held in Beijing, the Eighteenth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China decided to abolish the one-child policy and allow all couples to have two children, thus closing an important chapter of China's social and demographic history. Recent fertility trends make it clear why it is urgent to abandon this policy. Census and survey data show that China's TFR had already fallen below replacement in 1991. Since the mid-1990s, TFRs in most years have been lower than 1.5 children per woman. Since 2010, even lower fertility rates have been recorded by the annual population change surveys. Since the mid-1990s, fertility decline has been increasingly driven by generalized ideational changes resulting from the social, economic, and cultural transformation of recent decades. In recent years many couples who were entitled to have a second child have chosen not to do so. For this reason, the termination of the one-child policy is unlikely to lead to a major upturn in fertility, but rather to the continuation of a low-fertility regime with more diverse fertility patterns across different sub-populations, a pattern that has been observed in many countries.
Journal Article
Chinese Identities between Localization and Globalization: The South Seas Society, Chinese Intellectuals in Singapore, and Southeast Asian Studies, 1958-1971
Founded in 1940 by scholars from China who were associated with the celebrated China-based tradition of Nanyang studies (Nanyang yanjiu), the South Seas Society became an illustrious name among Chinese intellectuals in parts of East Asia and Southeast Asia. Whereas the original Nanyang studies tradition was based on studying the Nanyang (now Southeast Asia) from mainland China's perspective, the Singapore- based Society was established with a slightly different aim: understanding the Nanyang through a Nanyang-centered perspective. In the aftermath of the Second World War, as the Society's connections with China gradually weakened, it also gained a reputation as a pioneer in the Chinese-language track of global Southeast Asian studies. This article suggests that the Society is a useful case study, focusing in particular on the Singapore-Malaya(sia) (Xinma) phase in the Society's history that lasted from 1958 to 1971. It argues that an analysis of how localization and globalization influenced the Society during this period can in turn shed new light on the broader topics of Chinese intellectuals in Singapore, ethnic Chinese communities and migration, Chinese identities, and the global development of Southeast Asian studies.
Journal Article
Water systems and urban sanitation: A historical comparison of Tokyo and Singapore
The importance of a water supply and sewage treatment for urban sanitation is recognized in the modern world. Their contributions to public health have not, however, been well demonstrated by historical data, especially in Asian cities. In this research, we focused on the Asian cities of Tokyo and Singapore, which both developed significantly in the 20th century. We analysed their development processes statistically to determine what the key elements for the protection of urban sanitation have been. Although both cities constructed modern water supply systems at almost same time (Tokyo in 1898 and Singapore in 1878), and similarly modern wastewater treatment systems (Tokyo in 1922 and Singapore in 1913), the prevalence of water-borne diseases in Tokyo was more serious than it was in Singapore, in spite of Singapore's high infant mortality rate. The main reason for this was the differences in the systems of night-soil transport. We found that the water supply system in itself was not enough to resolve all urban sanitation problems, and appropriate night-soil removal was also crucial. In addition, historical trends and water consumption vary by city, so the appropriate technology and system are also different according to the unique characteristics and needs of each.
Journal Article
Stability and change in living arrangements in Indonesia, Singapore, and Taiwan, 1993-99
We use longitudinal data from Indonesia, Singapore, and Taiwan to examine stability and change in the co-residence of older adults and their children. Longitudinal data support the analysis of transitions in living arrangements. We focus on how life-cycle characteristics of older adults and their children are related to co-residence at a point in time, to maintaining co-residence over time, and to transitions into and out of co-residence. We find that many of the characteristics found to be associated with co-residence at baseline interviews exhibit an even stronger association with continued co-residence over time. While some of the results support the interpretation that co-residence provides support for parents as they age, the needs of children also play an important role in the decision to co-reside.
Journal Article
Entitlements, destitution, and emigration in the 1930s Singapore great depression
This article uses an entitlements approach to analyse the divergent impacts of the 1930s great depression on the diverse population groups of Singapore and its Malay Peninsula hinterland. Contrary to a revisionist argument in the literature that the depression had comparatively little effect on Southeast Asia, Singapore was considerably affected. This arose more from the externality of migration of unemployed hinterland workers to the city than from a shift in the terms of trade against Singapore producers. Only the 'safety valve' of mass emigration, promoted by colonial policy, enabled Singapore to escape the depression with a sharp, if relatively brief, drop in welfare and serious distress for its inhabitants.
Journal Article
On the Far Eastern pattern of mortality
Since the early 1980s, it has been accepted widely that there is a Far Eastern pattern of mortality, a pattern characterized by excessively high death rates among older men relative to death rates among younger men and among women. It has been regarded as a unique regional mortality pattern, applying primarily to Far Eastern populations. A re-examination of the mortality data of some Far Eastern populations reveals that changes in both age patterns of and sex differentials in mortality have been widely observed. Further, mortality patterns similar to the so-called Far Eastern mortality model have been found in many other populations.
Journal Article
A reply to 'On the Far Eastern pattern of mortality' by Zhongwei Zhao
In a paper in the previous issue of this journal, Zhongwei Zhao questioned the uniqueness of a mortality pattern first identified by Goldman (1980) and subsequently redefined by the United Nations (1982). Challenges Zhao's assertions and demonstrates that, according to Goldman's criteria, the Far Eastern schedules are unique among countries with reliable mortality statistics. They are characterized by larger discrepancies between the mortality of young adult and older adult males and between the mortality of older males and older females than the Western populations identified by Zhao. (Quotes from original text)
Journal Article