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Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation
BEIR VII develops the most up-to-date and comprehensive risk estimates for cancer and other health effects from exposure to low-level ionizing radiation. It is among the first reports of its kind to include detailed estimates for cancer incidence in addition to cancer mortality. In general, BEIR VII supports previously reported risk estimates for cancer and leukemia, but the availability of new and more extensive data have strengthened confidence in these estimates. A comprehensive review of available biological and biophysical data supports a \"linear-no-threshold\" (LNT) risk model-that the risk of cancer proceeds in a linear fashion at lower doses without a threshold and that the smallest dose has the potential to cause a small increase in risk to humans. The report is from the Board on Radiation Research Effects that is now part of the newly formed Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board.
eBook
Science and Decisions
Risk assessment has become a dominant public policy tool for making choices, based on limited resources, to protect public health and the environment. It has been instrumental to the mission of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as well as other federal agencies in evaluating public health concerns, informing regulatory and technological decisions, prioritizing research needs and funding, and in developing approaches for cost-benefit analysis.
However, risk assessment is at a crossroads. Despite advances in the field, risk assessment faces a number of significant challenges including lengthy delays in making complex decisions; lack of data leading to significant uncertainty in risk assessments; and many chemicals in the marketplace that have not been evaluated and emerging agents requiring assessment.
Science and Decisions makes practical scientific and technical recommendations to address these challenges. This book is a complement to the widely used 1983 National Academies book, Risk Assessment in the Federal Government (also known as the Red Book). The earlier book established a framework for the concepts and conduct of risk assessment that has been adopted by numerous expert committees, regulatory agencies, and public health institutions. The new book embeds these concepts within a broader framework for risk-based decision-making. Together, these are essential references for those working in the regulatory and public health fields.
eBook
Global risk governance in health
Epidemics know no borders and are often characterized by a high level of uncertainty, causing major challenges in risk governance. The author shows the emergence of global risk governance processes and the key role that the World Health Organization (WHO) plays within them.
Book
Improving Health in the United States
Factoring health and related costs into decision making is essential to confronting the nation's health problems and enhancing public well-being. Some policies and programs historically not recognized as relating to health are believed or known to have important health consequences. For example, public health has been linked to an array of policies that determine the quality and location of housing, availability of public transportation, land use and street connectivity, agricultural practices and the availability of various types of food, and development and location of businesses and industry.
Improving Health in the United States: The Role of Health Impact Assessment offers guidance to officials in the public and private sectors on conducting HIAs to evaluate public health consequences of proposed decisions-such as those to build a major roadway, plan a city's growth, or develop national agricultural policies-and suggests actions that could minimize adverse health impacts and optimize beneficial ones.
Several approaches could be used to incorporate aspects of health into decision making, but HIA holds particular promise because of its applicability to a broad array of programs, consideration of both adverse and beneficial health effects, ability to consider and incorporate various types of evidence, and engagement of communities and stakeholders in a deliberative process. The report notes that HIA should not be assumed to be the best approach to every health policy question but rather should be seen as part of a spectrum of public health and policy-oriented approaches.
The report presents a six-step framework for conducting HIA of proposed policies, programs, plans, and projects at federal, state, tribal, and local levels, including within the private sector. In addition, the report identifies several challenges to the successful use of HIA, such as balancing the need to provide timely information with the realities of varying data quality, producing quantitative estimates of health effects, and engaging stakeholders.
eBook
The ethics of precaution : uncertain environmental health threats and duties of due care
\"There are thousands of substances manufactured in the U.S., to which the public is routinely exposed and for which toxicity data is limited or absent. Some insist that uncertainty about the severity of potential harm justifies implementing precautionary regulations, while others claim that uncertainty justifies the absence of regulations until sufficient evidence confirms a strong probability of severe harm. In this book, Levente Szentkirâalyi overcomes this impasse in his defense of precautionary environmental risk regulation by shifting the focus from how to manage uncertainty to what it is we owe each other morally. He argues that actions that create uncertain threats wrongfully gamble with the welfare of those who are exposed, and neglect the reciprocity that our equal moral standing demands. If we take the moral equality and rights of others seriously, we have a duty to exercise due care to strive to prevent putting them in possible harm's way. The Ethics of Precaution will be of great interest to researchers, educators, advanced students, and practitioners working in the fields of environmental political theory, ethics of risk, and environmental policy\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Risk Regulation and Administrative Constitutionalism
This book is a study of the interrelationship between risk regulation, public law, and theories of legitimate administrative governance.
eBook
Chemometric analysis for pollution source identification and human health risk assessment of water resources in Ojoto Province, southeast Nigeria
This paper quantified the level of heavy metals contamination, identified possible sources of pollution, and assessed the human health risks associated with drinking water resources in Ojoto Province, Nigeria. The study’s gross findings revealed that the suitability of some water sources for consumption purposes in this province is questionable. Based on water quality index, 57.14% of the total samples are within acceptable limits, while 42.86% are unsuitable for drinking. It was observed that the northwestern and southern parts of the study area have more of deteriorated water quality. The health hazard index revealed that 25% of the samples predispose their consumers (both adult and children populations) to high chronic health risks. Moreover, heavy metal pollution index, contamination index, and probability of cancer risk (CR) revealed that about 25% of the total samples were unsuitable and off the CR standard acceptable range of ≤ 1 × 10−6–1 × 10−4. Correlation and component factor analyses linked the origin of major ions to geogenic processes and that of the heavy metals to both natural and anthropogenic processes. Cluster analysis divided the samples into two equal classes (50% each): poor and excellent quality waters. This study indicated that Pb is the priority pollutant impacting the water quality. The various assessments revealed that waters from hand-dug wells and deeper boreholes are the least contaminated and hence best suited for drinking than waters from springs, streams, and shallow wells.
Journal Article