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The science of heat
Helps readers understand how heat changes matter, what causes things to burn, and how these changes impact a vast number of objects in our world.
Book
HSP27, 70 and 90, anti-apoptotic proteins, in clinical cancer therapy
Among the heat shock proteins (HSP), HSP27, HSP70 and HSP90 are the most studied stress-inducible HSPs, and are induced in response to a wide variety of physiological and environmental insults, thus allowing cells to survive to lethal conditions based on their powerful cytoprotective functions. Different functions of HSPs have been described to explain their cytoprotective functions, including their most basic role as molecular chaperones, that is to regulate protein folding, transport, translocation and assembly, especially helping in the refolding of misfolded proteins, as well as their anti-apoptotic properties. In cancer cells, the expression and/or activity of the three HSPs is abnormally high, and is associated with increased tumorigenicity, metastatic potential of cancer cells and resistance to chemotherapy. Associating with key apoptotic factors, they are powerful anti-apoptotic proteins, having the capacity to block the cell death process at different levels. Altogether, the properties suggest that HSP27, HSP70 and HSP90 are appropriate targets for modulating cell death pathways. In this review, we summarize the role of HSP90, HSP70 and HSP27 in apoptosis and the emerging strategies that have been developed for cancer therapy based on the inhibition of the three HSPs.
Journal Article
Hot weather and heat extremes: health risks
Hot ambient conditions and associated heat stress can increase mortality and morbidity, as well as increase adverse pregnancy outcomes and negatively affect mental health. High heat stress can also reduce physical work capacity and motor-cognitive performances, with consequences for productivity, and increase the risk of occupational health problems. Almost half of the global population and more than 1 billion workers are exposed to high heat episodes and about a third of all exposed workers have negative health effects. However, excess deaths and many heat-related health risks are preventable, with appropriate heat action plans involving behavioural strategies and biophysical solutions. Extreme heat events are becoming permanent features of summer seasons worldwide, causing many excess deaths. Heat-related morbidity and mortality are projected to increase further as climate change progresses, with greater risk associated with higher degrees of global warming. Particularly in tropical regions, increased warming might mean that physiological limits related to heat tolerance (survival) will be reached regularly and more often in coming decades. Climate change is interacting with other trends, such as population growth and ageing, urbanisation, and socioeconomic development, that can either exacerbate or ameliorate heat-related hazards. Urban temperatures are further enhanced by anthropogenic heat from vehicular transport and heat waste from buildings. Although there is some evidence of adaptation to increasing temperatures in high-income countries, projections of a hotter future suggest that without investment in research and risk management actions, heat-related morbidity and mortality are likely to increase.
Journal Article
Geothermal heat pump and heat engine systems : theory and practice
\"Geothermal Heat Pump Systems: Theory and Practice comprehensively covers the theory, fundamental principles and practical applications of geothermal heat pump systems. It takes an interdisciplinary approach considering the disciplines of geoscience, thermodynamics, heat transfer, and fluid mechanics, while keeping in mind the engineering and practical constraints of the real world.The main focus of this book is geothermal heat pump applications for buildings, however the reader is introduced to the bigger picture of geothermal energy utilization, of which geothermal heat pumps is just one type. Methods and equipment used to convert stored thermal energy into useful energy are also discussed and different ground heat exchangers are considered. Geothermal Heat Pump Systems: Theory and Practice contains end of chapter exercise problems and discussion questions and is accompanied by a website hosting practical design software tools that allow the solution of complex, real problems. It also includes presentation files with lecture slides.\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Heat Shock Signaling in Land Plants: From Plasma Membrane Sensing to the Transcription of Small Heat Shock Proteins
Heat stress events are major factors limiting crop productivity. During summer days, land plants must anticipate in a timely manner upcoming mild and severe temperature. They respond by accumulating protective heat-shock proteins (HSPs), conferring acquired thermotolerance. All organisms synthetize HSPs; many of which are members of the conserved chaperones families. This review describes recent advances in plant temperature sensing, signaling, and response. We highlight the pathway from heat perception by the plasma membrane through calcium channels, such as cyclic nucleotide-gated channels, to the activation of the heat-shock transcription factors (HSFs). An unclear cellular signal activates HSFs, which act as essential regulators. In particular, the HSFA subfamily can bind heat shock elements in HSP promoters and could mediate the dissociation of bound histones, leading to HSPs transcription. Although plants can modulate their transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome to protect the cellular machinery, HSP chaperones prevent, use, and revert the formation of misfolded proteins, thereby avoiding heat-induced cell death. Remarkably, the HSP20 family is mostly tightly repressed at low temperature, suggesting that a costly mechanism can become detrimental under unnecessary conditions. Here, the role of HSP20s in response to HS and their possible deleterious expression at non-HS temperatures is discussed.
Journal Article
Experiments with heat and energy
Discover scientific principles by carrying out step-by-step activities, and learn how to conduct fair tests and to record and assess results.
Book
Guidelines for the Nomenclature of the Human Heat Shock Proteins
The expanding number of members in the various human heat shock protein (HSP) families and the inconsistencies in their nomenclature have often led to confusion. Here, we propose new guidelines for the nomenclature of the human HSP families, HSPH (HSP110), HSPC (HSP90), HSPA (HSP70), DNAJ (HSP40), and HSPB (small HSP) as well as for the human chaperonin families HSPD/E (HSP60/HSP10) and CCT (TRiC). The nomenclature is based largely on the more consistent nomenclature assigned by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee and used in the National Center of Biotechnology Information Entrez Gene database for the heat shock genes. In addition to this nomenclature, we provide a list of the human Entrez Gene IDs and the corresponding Entrez Gene IDs for the mouse orthologs.
Journal Article
An ABF5b‐HsfA2h/HsfC2a‐NCED2b/POD4/HSP26 module integrates multiple signaling pathway to modulate heat stress tolerance in wheat
Summary Heat stress caused by increasing global temperature has become a major factor limiting yield in wheat. Heat shock transcription factors (Hsfs), as the primary regulators in plant responses to heat stress, play essential roles in modulating both basal and acquired thermotolerance in plants. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain to be elucidated. By analysing the wheat transcriptome after subjecting wheat to heat treatments for different time intervals, we identified gene TaHsfA2h that showed a significant positive regulatory response to heat stress. Heat stress tolerance was enhanced by overexpression of TaHsfA2h and constrained by its RNA interference. RNA‐seq analysis demonstrated that the overexpression of TaHsfA2h significantly enhanced the expression levels of genes involved in ABA and ROS signalling pathways. Additionally, we identified TaABF5b, a critical regulatory factor in the ABA signalling pathway, as being capable of modulating the expression of TaHsfA2h. Notably, TaHsfA2h interacted with TaHsfC2a both in vivo and in vitro. Similarly, overexpression of TaHsfC2a significantly enhanced heat stress tolerance, whereas knockout dramatically reduced tolerance. The presence of TaHsfC2a significantly enhanced the regulatory activity of TaHsfA2h. TaHsfA2h and TaHsfC2a can co‐regulate the expression levels of heat stress tolerance‐related genes, including TaNCED2B, TaPOD4 and TaHSP26, thereby enhancing wheat's tolerance to heat stress. Overall, our findings revealed a positive regulatory function of the ABF5b‐HsfA2h/HsfC2a‐NCED2b/POD4/HSP26 module on wheat heat stress tolerance. This discovery further expanded the functionality of a plant heat stress response model, providing a theoretical foundation for the development of heat‐tolerant wheat varieties.
Journal Article