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Abstract Background Clinical research into hemothorax in dogs in the veterinary literature is limited, with no data assessing diagnostic criteria and prognostic factors. Hypothesis/Objectives Describe etiologies, clinical features, treatments, outcomes, and prognostic indicators in dogs presenting with hemothorax, and assess the prevalence of dogs meeting different definitions of hemothorax. Animals Eighty-four client-owned dogs presenting with hemothorax to a university teaching hospital (2014-2024). Methods Single-center retrospective cohort study in the United Kingdom reviewing medical records. Cases were categorized according to their recorded cause. Selected variables were compared to survival to discharge. Varying definitions of hemothorax were compared. Results Neoplasia (53/84, 63%), specifically hemangiosarcoma (19/53, 36%), was the most common cause of hemothorax. Pleural effusion packed cell volume (PCV) or hematocrit (HCT) > 25% that of peripheral blood was the least stringent criterion for diagnosis of hemothorax with all cases meeting this criterion. The overall survival to discharge rate was 51/84 (61%). Dogs with a neoplastic cause for their hemothorax were more likely to survive to discharge if they had surgery to address hemothorax (P < .001; odds ratio 15.0; 95%CI, 2.74-159) or if they were found to have pleural effusion PCV or HCT < 50% that of peripheral blood (P = .01; odds ratio 0.075; 95%CI, 0.002-0.641). Conclusions and clinical importance Causes of hemothorax are diverse, with neoplasia being the most common. A universally recognized definition of hemothorax would be beneficial. Surgical management and pleural effusion PCV or HCT < 50% that of peripheral blood are positive prognostic indicators. Dogs with hemothorax can have a good short-term prognosis.

A 32-year-old healthy man developed a small pericardial effusion following a motor vehicle accident, which progressed to cardiac tamponade and bilateral pleural effusions over 2 months. Pericardiocentesis drained 1.5 L of hemorrhagic, lymphocyte-predominant exudative fluid, leading to symptomatic improvement and close outpatient follow-up for suspected postcardiac injury syndrome. However, he was readmitted 1.5 months later with recurrent effusions, mediastinal lymphadenopathy, and enlarging hepatic lesions, but without elevated inflammatory markers. Extensive analyses of various fluids, including expert-reviewed cytology and immunostaining, were inconclusive. Despite conservative management, worsening respiratory failure and persistent high chest tube output necessitated venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Suspected constrictive pericarditis on transthoracic echocardiography led to the patient's transfer to our quaternary-care hospital for evaluation for pericardiectomy. However, pericardiectomy was deferred due to his unstable respiratory status. Despite intensive care, he eventually died of multiorgan failure 7 months after his initial presentation. Autopsy revealed high-grade hepatic angiosarcoma metastatic to lungs and pericardium with diffuse invasion into the myocardium. This case highlights the importance of cautious interpretation of negative cytology results in patients with recurrent hemorrhagic pericardial effusion, especially without elevated inflammatory markers. When clinical exclusion of pericardial malignancy is challenging, early multidisciplinary consideration of pericardial biopsy may be considered to enhance the diagnostic yield and guide management.

Primary cardiac angiosarcoma is a relatively rare tumor that frequently metastasizes by the time of diagnosis, with a poor prognosis. Currently, there is no uniform treatment, with surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy being the mainstays of treatment. We report the case of a man in his early 30s who presented to the emergency department with hemoptysis and was found to have massive pericardial effusion and right atrial occupancy upon investigation. Subsequent examination revealed hypermetabolic foci in the lungs and femur, and a final biopsy confirmed the presence of a primary cardiac angiosarcoma. The patient died 3 days after diagnosis due to cardiopulmonary failure, with a survival period of 4 months from symptom onset to death. This report describes one of the few cases of cardiac tumor with respiratory symptoms.

Background Cinereous vultures ( Aegypius monachus ) are Near Threatened (NT) scavenger species vital to ecosystem health, yet little is known about neoplastic diseases affecting them. Hemangiosarcoma (HSA), a malignant tumor of vascular endothelial origin, is rarely reported in avian species, and its interaction with opportunistic infections remains unexplored. Case presentation We report the first case of pulmonary hemangiosarcoma concurrent with Pasteurella multocida infection in a cinereous vulture. The adult female bird presented with severe neurological and systemic symptoms, including opisthotonos and emaciation. Diagnostic evaluation involved imaging (CT and MRI), serum chemistry, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and bacterial culture. Gross pathology revealed a large pulmonary tumor, confirmed as HSA via CD31 immunoreactivity. Concurrent infection with P. multocida subsp. septica was identified by culture and 16 S rRNA sequencing, with virulence genes (pfhA, hgbB) detected via multiplex PCR. Neurological signs were attributed to septic encephalopathy. Conclusions This case illustrates the complex interplay between neoplasia and bacterial infection in avian species and underscores the importance of multidisciplinary diagnostics in wildlife disease surveillance. Based on the clinical course and pathological findings, the most likely cause of death was acute septicemia with septic encephalopathy secondary to pulmonary hemangiosarcoma and concurrent Pasteurella multocida infection. Enhanced awareness of neoplastic conditions in Near Threatened scavenger birds is essential for effective conservation and rehabilitation strategies.

Background Primary hepatic angiosarcoma (PHA) is an extremely rare malignant tumor originating from vascular endothelial cells, accounting for only 0.1-2% of primary liver malignancies. Kasabach-Merritt syndrome (KMS) is a rare complication characterized by thrombocytopenia, coagulation dysfunction, and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, seldom reported in adult patients with hepatic angiosarcoma. Case presentation We describe a 74-year-old female with a history of vinyl chloride exposure who presented with acute right upper quadrant pain, shock, and multiple ecchymoses, scattered petechiae. Laboratory tests revealed thrombocytopenia and coagulation abnormalities. Imaging demonstrated a large ruptured hepatic mass with hemoperitoneum. The patient underwent emergency right hemihepatectomy, with pathology confirming hepatic angiosarcoma. Postoperatively, the patient's coagulation parameters normalized, confirming resolution of KMS. No recurrence was noted at the 9-month follow-up. Conclusion Acute rupture of hepatic angiosarcoma with KMS is a life-threatening condition requiring rapid multidisciplinary intervention. Emergency hepatectomy not only controlled the hemorrhage but also removed the lesion causing KMS. Clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for hepatic angiosarcoma in patients presenting with spontaneous hepatic hemorrhage and coagulation abnormalities.

Background This study aims to describe a rare case of primary ureteral hemangiosarcoma, in which surgical intervention preserved the kidney and ureter after tumor removal. Case presentation A 13-year-old, neutered male dog, weighing 14 kg, mixed-breed, presented with apathy, anorexia, acute-onset vomiting, and abdominal discomfort during the physical examination. Ultrasonography and pyelography revealed a right-sided dilation of the renal pelvis and ureter due to complete obstruction in the middle third of the ureter. A mass obstructing the lumen of the right ureter was completely resected, and ureteral suturing was performed, preserving the integrity of the involved structures. Histopathology confirmed primary ureteral hemangiosarcoma. Due to the local and non-invasive nature of the mass, chemotherapy was not initiated. The patient’s survival was approximately two years, and normal renal function was preserved throughout this period. Conclusions Considering this type of tumor in the differential diagnosis of upper urinary tract obstructive disorders. Furthermore, the preservation of the ureter and kidney is a suitable therapeutic option after surgical resection of non-invasive tumors.

Background Primary cardiac angiosarcoma is a rare and malignant tumor that most often arises in the right atrium causing significant inflow obstruction and circulatory disruption. Owing to its location, it is most often associated with symptoms similar to heart failure including lower extremity swelling, dyspnea, and chest pain. Other symptoms of venous congestion, including superior vena cava syndrome, are possible but symptoms vary widely depending on the location and size of the tumor and are rarely isolated. Case presentation In this case, a 69-year-old Filipino American female presented to our facility with isolated findings of superior vena cava syndrome that were ultimately secondary to cardiac angiosarcoma. The patient developed recurrent pericardial effusions that necessitated drain placement. She was managed with medical, chemotherapeutic, and radiation therapy in the outpatient setting. She subsequently was found to have worsening of metastatic disease that resulted in her passing. Conclusion Patients with cardiac angiosarcoma may present with atypical or nonspecific symptoms, such as with our patient presenting with isolated superior vena cava syndrome, and an atypical presentation may further delay the diagnosis. Late presenting cardiac angiosarcoma contributes to a worse prognosis and higher likelihood of metastasis at the time of diagnosis. Treatment typically includes chemotherapy and radiation but surgical excision, alone or in combination with other therapies, can provide the best prognosis. Early detection of cardiac angiosarcoma is crucial for improving outcomes.