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"High speed"
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High-speed trains
\"Hop on the fastest trains in the world to see where they go, how they work, and how fast these bullet trains can go.\"--Back cover.
Book
Heterogeneous and rate-dependent streptavidin–biotin unbinding revealed by high-speed force spectroscopy and atomistic simulations
Receptor–ligand interactions are essential for biological function and their binding strength is commonly explained in terms of static lock-and-key models based on molecular complementarity. However, detailed information on the full unbinding pathway is often lacking due, in part, to the static nature of atomic structures and ensemble averaging inherent to bulk biophysics approaches. Here we combine molecular dynamics and high-speed force spectroscopy on the streptavidin–biotin complex to determine the binding strength and unbinding pathways over the widest dynamic range. Experiment and simulation show excellent agreement at overlapping velocities and provided evidence of the unbinding mechanisms. During unbinding, biotin crosses multiple energy barriers and visits various intermediate states far from the binding pocket, while streptavidin undergoes transient induced fits, all varying with loading rate. This multistate process slows down the transition to the unbound state and favors rebinding, thus explaining the long lifetime of the complex. We provide an atomistic, dynamic picture of the unbinding process, replacing a simple two-state picture with one that involves many routes to the lock and ratedependent induced-fit motions for intermediates, which might be relevant for other receptor–ligand bonds.
Journal Article
How does a high-speed train work?
Discusses the history of trains, the invention of high speed trains and high speed train systems around the world, and explains how they work.
Book
Correlation Between Speed of the Leader and Peak Current of the Return Stroke in Negative Lightning Flashes
This study analyzes the two‐dimensional speed profiles of 107 stepped leaders and 93 dart leaders recorded by high‐speed cameras in Utah (USA), together with data from lightning location system. The results shows that the final and average speed of the stepped leader has a very strong (R = 0.82) and strong (R = 0.71) correlation with the peak current of the return stroke. It also shows that 91% of the stepped leaders increased their speed near the ground (average increase of 69%). The same analysis for dart leaders shows weak correlation with the peak current of the prospective return stroke (R = 0.39 to average speed and R = 0.28 to final speed). This paper briefly discusses why peak current is better correlated with final speed than with the average speed, and why stepped leaders exhibit a significant correlation, while dart leaders do not.
Journal Article
Trains
\"Introduces early fluent readers to the science and engineering behind trains. Includes glossary and index.\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
High-speed 850 nm VCSELs operating error free up to 57 Gbit/s
Error-free transmission is demonstrated at bit rates up to 57 Gbit/s back-to-back, up to 55 Gbit/s over 50 m fibre and up to 43 Gbit/s over 100 m fibre using an oxide-confined 850 nm high-speed vertical cavity surface-emitting laser with a photon lifetime optimised for high-speed data transmission.
Journal Article
Taking silicon photonics modulators to a higher performance level: state-of-the-art and a review of new technologies
Optical links are moving to higher and higher transmission speeds while shrinking to shorter and shorter ranges where optical links are envisaged even at the chip scale. The scaling in data speed and span of the optical links demands modulators to be concurrently performant and cost-effective. Silicon photonics (SiPh), a photonic integrated circuit technology that leverages the fabrication sophistication of complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor technology, is well-positioned to deliver the performance, price, and manufacturing volume for the high-speed modulators of future optical communication links. SiPh has relied on the plasma dispersion effect, either in injection, depletion, or accumulation mode, to demonstrate efficient high-speed modulators. The high-speed plasma dispersion silicon modulators have been commercially deployed and have demonstrated excellent performance. Recent years have seen a paradigm shift where the integration of various electro-refractive and electro-absorptive materials has opened up additional routes toward performant SiPh modulators. These modulators are in the early years of their development. They promise to extend the performance beyond the limits set by the physical properties of silicon. The focus of our study is to provide a comprehensive review of contemporary (i.e., plasma dispersion modulators) and new modulator implementations that involve the integration of novel materials with SiPh.
Journal Article