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Background Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the largest cause of death in breast cancer survivors. The aim of this study was to explore the impact of exercise intensity on aerobic fitness and autonomic cardiac regulation (heart rate variability (HRV)) and salivary biomarkers of the stress systems (HPA-axis, cortisol; sympathetic nervous system, α-amylase) and mucosal immunity (secretory(s)-IgA), markers of increased risk of CVD in breast cancer survivors. Methods Participants were randomly assigned to; 1) high intensity interval training (HIIT); 2) moderate-intensity, continuous aerobic training (CMIT); or 3) a wait-list control (CON) for a 12-week (36 session) stationary cycling intervention. Cardiorespiratory fitness (VO 2peak ), resting HRV and salivary biomarkers were measured at baseline 2–4 d pre-intervention and 2–4 d post the last exercise session. Results Seventeen participants were included in this study (62 ± 8 years, HIIT; n  = 6, CMIT; n  = 5, CON; n = 6). A significant improvement ( p  ≤ 0.05) was observed for VO 2peak in the HIIT group; 19.3% (B = 3.98, 95%CI = [1.89; 4.02]) and a non-significant increase in the CMIT group; 5.6% (B = 1.96, 95%CI = [− 0.11; 4.03]), compared with a 2.6% (B = − 0.64, 95%CI = [− 2.10; 0.82]) decrease in the CON group. Post intervention improvements in HRV markers of vagal activity (log (ln)LF/HF, LnRMSSD) and sympathetic nervous system (α-amylase waking response) occurred for individuals exhibiting outlying (> 95% CI) levels at baseline compared to general population. Conclusion High intensity interval training improved cardiovascular fitness in breast cancer survivors and improved cardiac regulation, and sympathetic nervous system (stress) responses in some individuals. High-intensity interval training was safe and effective for breast cancer survivors to participate in with promising results as a time efficient intensity to improve physical health and stress, reducing CVD risk. Trial registration This pilot study was retrospectively registered through the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR): ACTRN12620000684921 .

Purpose Breast cancer treatments often lead to unfavourable changes in body composition, physical fitness, and quality of life (QoL). We compared the effects of resistance training (RT) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on these outcomes in survivors of breast cancer. Methods Twenty-eight survivors of breast cancer, post-treatment (Stage I–III), aged 55.5 ± 8.8 years and body mass index 27.9 ± 5 kg/m 2 were randomly allocated to a 12-week supervised RT ( n  = 14) or HIIT ( n  = 14) intervention, 3 days per week. Body composition (dual energy x-ray absorptiometry), upper and lower body muscle strength (1-repetition maximum), cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) (Ekblom Bak Cycle Test), and QoL domains (EORTC QLQ-C30 and EORTC QLQ-BR45) were assessed at baseline and 12 weeks. Results There were no significant differences between groups at baseline. Exercise attendance ranged from 81 to 85%. Between groups, there were significant differences ( p  ≤ 0.001) after 12 weeks in chest press strength for RT (mean difference [MD] = 4.7 kg) and CRF for HIIT (MD = 1.9 ml/min/kg). Within groups, there were significant improvements ( p  < 0.05) for % lean mass and % fat mass in both RT and HIIT, as well as for upper and lower body muscle strength, CRF, and QoL domains. No major adverse events were noted. Conclusion Both exercise groups improved body composition, physical fitness, and QoL domains over 12 weeks of RT or HIIT, although mode-specific benefits were apparent with more substantial improvements in lean mass and muscle strength with RT and reductions in % fat mass and improved CRF with HIIT. Tailored exercise programs should address the specific health needs of each patient.

Background This study assessed the feasibility and acceptability of two common types of exercise training—high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT)—in adults with Crohn’s disease (CD). Methods In this mixed-methods pilot trial, participants with quiescent or mildly-active CD were randomly assigned 1:1:1 to HIIT, MICT or usual care control, and followed up for 6 months. The HIIT and MICT groups were offered three exercise sessions per week for the first 12 weeks. Feasibility outcomes included rates of recruitment, retention, outcome completion, and exercise attendance. Data were collected on cardiorespiratory fitness (e.g., peak oxygen uptake), disease activity, fatigue, quality of life, adverse events, and intervention acceptability (via interviews). Results Over 17 months, 53 patients were assessed for eligibility and 36 (68%) were randomised (47% male; mean age 36.9 [SD 11.2] years); 13 to HIIT, 12 to MICT, and 11 to control. The exercise session attendance rate was 62% for HIIT (288/465) and 75% for MICT (320/429), with 62% of HIIT participants (8/13) and 67% of MICT participants (8/12) completing at least 24 of 36 sessions. One participant was lost to follow-up. Outcome completion rates ranged from 89 to 97%. The mean increase in peak oxygen uptake, relative to control, was greater following HIIT than MICT (2.4 vs. 0.7 mL/kg/min). There were three non-serious exercise-related adverse events, and two exercise participants experienced disease relapse during follow-up. Conclusions The findings support the feasibility and acceptability of the exercise programmes and trial procedures. A definitive trial is warranted. Physical exercise remains a potentially useful adjunct therapy in CD. [ID: ISRCTN13021107].

PurposeTo examine the skeletal muscle and performance responses across two different exercise training modalities which are highly applied in soccer training.MethodsUsing an RCT design, 39 well-trained male soccer players were randomized into either a speed endurance training (SET; n = 21) or a small-sided game group (SSG; n = 18). Over 4 weeks, thrice weekly, SET performed 6–10 × 30-s all-out runs with 3-min recovery, while SSG completed 2 × 7–9-min small-sided games with 2-min recovery. Muscle biopsies were obtained from m. vastus lateralis pre and post intervention and were subsequently analysed for metabolic enzyme activity and muscle protein expression. Moreover, the Yo–Yo Intermittent Recovery level 2 test (Yo–Yo IR2) was performed.ResultsMuscle CS maximal activity increased (P < 0.05) by 18% in SET only, demonstrating larger (P < 0.05) improvement than SSG, while HAD activity increased (P < 0.05) by 24% in both groups. Na+–K+ ATPase α1 subunit protein expression increased (P < 0.05) in SET and SSG (19 and 37%, respectively), while MCT4 protein expression rose (P < 0.05) by 30 and 61% in SET and SSG, respectively. SOD2 protein expression increased (P < 0.05) by 28 and 37% in SET and SSG, respectively, while GLUT-4 protein expression increased (P < 0.05) by 40% in SSG only. Finally, SET displayed 39% greater improvement (P < 0.05) in Yo–Yo IR2 performance than SSG.ConclusionSpeed endurance training improved muscle oxidative capacity and exercise performance more pronouncedly than small-sided game training, but comparable responses were in muscle ion transporters and antioxidative capacity in well-trained male soccer players.

Abstract Context We investigated whether 6 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIT) induced improvements in cardiometabolic health markers similar to moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) in people with type 1 diabetes (T1D), and whether HIT abolished acute reductions in plasma glucose levels observed after MICT sessions. Methods Two groups of sedentary individuals with T1D (n = 7 per group) completed 6 weeks of thrice weekly HIT or MICT. Pre- and post-training measurements were made of 24-hour interstitial glucose profiles, using continuous glucose monitors, and cardiometabolic health markers [peak oxygen consumption (V˙o2peak), blood lipid profile, and aortic pulse wave velocity (aPWV)]. Capillary blood glucose (BG) concentrations were assessed before and after exercise to investigate changes in BG levels during exercise in the fed state. Results Six weeks of HIT or MICT increased V˙o2peak by 14% and 15%, respectively (P < 0.001), and aPWV by 12% (P < 0.001), with no difference between groups. There was no difference in incidence or percentage of time spent in hypoglycemia after training in either group (P > 0.05). In the fed state, the mean change (±SEM) in capillary BG concentration during the HIT sessions was −0.2 ± 0.5 mmol/L, and −5.5 ± 0.4 mmol/L during MICT. Conclusions Six weeks of HIT improved V˙o2peak and aPWV to a similar extent as MICT. That BG levels remained stable during HIT in the fed state but consistently fell during MICT suggests HIT may be the preferred training mode for some people with T1D. High-intensity interval training improved aerobic capacity and abolished the decline in blood glucose levels observed during moderate-intensity continuous training sessions in people with T1D.

Women with breast cancer (BC) experience multiple symptoms related to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) treatment that impair their functioning and quality of life (QoL). This study aimed to explore the effect of high-intensity aerobic interval training (HIIT) on quality of life and NAC side effects in women with BC. Methods: 56 patients (48.56 (7.84) years, range 35-64 years) diagnosed locally advanced (stage II-III) ER + BC receiving doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide-based NAC were randomly assigned to the HIIT group and a control group (CG) for 6 months. The HIIT group performed 2 to 3 HIIT sessions per week according to the study protocol (4 × 4 minutes at 85%-95% peak heart rate (HR)). The CG followed the standard of care instructions by the oncologists. To assess the QoL participants completed the EORTC QLQ-C30 with the additional BC module of QLQ BR-23. Weekly self-reports on NAC side effects were collected through online survey. Results: Study data were analyzed for 37 participants (nHIIT = 17, nCON = 20) who reported at least 14 (60%) weeks. HIIT was effective to reduce BC symptom scale outcomes (ES = 0.113, P = .048), and alleviate systemic therapy side effects (ES = 0.154, P = .020) and cancer related symptoms (ES = 0.124, P = .038). The most common side effect participants experienced at least 1 to 4 days/week was pain (average 50.9% and 56.8% for HIIT and CG, respectively), followed by sleep disturbances (average 50.9% and 49.9%, respectively). About 31% in both groups experienced sleep disturbances 5 to 7 days/week. The NAC induced physical, social and fatigue side effects had significantly lower incidence in HIIT group, while psychological side effects were significantly more common in training group. Conclusions: HIIT is an effective physical exercise program to maintain higher quality of life and help to reduce some of NAC induced side effects for women with BC.

Time-restricted eating (TRE) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) improve cardiometabolic health in individuals with overweight/obesity, with high adherence rates in supervised settings. Long-term maintenance of TRE and HIIT in real-world settings is unknown. In our previous TREHIIT trial, 131 women (body mass index (BMI) ≥ 27 kg/m 2 ) were randomized to 7 weeks of TRE (eating window 10-h/day), HIIT (3 sessions/week), a combination (TREHIIT), or no intervention (CON). We investigated self-reported continuation of TRE and/or HIIT after 2 years. Fifty-nine participants (39.0 years (standard deviation (SD) 6.1), BMI 30.7 kg/m 2 (SD 4.2)) attended the follow-up. Of those who completed the 7-week TRE or HIIT intervention, 46% maintained TRE and 45% continued HIIT for 2 years. There were no statistically significant (at p  < .01) between-group differences in cardiometabolic outcomes, but non-significant lower body mass in HIIT (-4.2 kg, 95% confidence interval (CI), -7.7 to -0.7, p  = .019) and visceral fat in TREHIIT (-18 cm 2 , CI, -33 to -4, p  = .015) versus CON. After 2 years, HIIT and TREHIIT had ~ 4 kg lower fat mass and ~ 20 cm² lower visceral fat (both p  < .001) compared with baseline. A short-term TRE and HIIT intervention may promote long-term lifestyle changes and health benefits. Future studies should collect objective adherence data to understand long-term maintenance of TRE and HIIT.

PurposeThe aim of this study was to compare the combined effects of resistance and sprint training, with very short efforts (5 s), on aerobic and anaerobic performances, and cardiometabolic health-related parameters in young healthy adults.MethodsThirty young physically active individuals were randomly allocated into four groups: resistance training (RTG), sprint interval training (SITG), concurrent training (CTG), and control (CONG). Participants trained 3 days/week for 2 weeks in the high-intensity interventions that consisted of 6–12 “all out” efforts of 5 s separated by 24 s of recovery, totalizing ~ 13 min per session, with 48–72 h of recovery between sessions. Body composition, vertical jump, lower body strength, aerobic and anaerobic performances, heart rate variability (HRV), and redox status were evaluated before and after training. Total work (TW), rating of perceived exertion (CR-10 RPE) and mean HR (HRmean) were monitored during sessions. Incidental physical activity (PA), dietary intake and perceived stress were also controlled.ResultsMaximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) significantly increased in SITG and CTG (P < 0.05). Lower body strength improved in RTG and CTG (P < 0.05), while countermovement jump (CMJ) was improved in RTG (P = 0.04) only. Redox status improved after all interventions (P < 0.05). No differences were found in TW, PA, dietary intake, and psychological stress between groups (P > 0.05).ConclusionsRT and SIT protocols with very short “all out” efforts, either performed in isolation, or combined, demonstrated improvement in several physical fitness- and health-related parameters. However, CT was the most efficient exercise intervention with improvement observed in the majority of the parameters.

Technique-specific high-intensity interval training (HIITTS) has been proven to be an effective method to enhance the sport-specific bio-motor abilities of taekwondo athletes. However, studies regarding its effects on comprehensive measures of cardiorespiratory fitness are limited. Furthermore, there is a lack of clarity regarding the extent of individual adaptations to this method compared to HIIT in the form of repeated sprints (HIITRS). This study compared the individual adaptations to HIITRS and HIITTS on cardiorespiratory fitness and anaerobic power in trained taekwondo athletes (age = 19.8 ± 1.3 years; body mass = 75.4 ± 9.1 kg; height = 1.73 ± 0.0 .m). All participants completed three sessions per week of a 60-minute regular taekwondo training. Following the 60-minute training, participants completed 3 sets of 10 × 4 s all-out HIITRS or same sets of repeated kicks with both legs (HIITTS) over a 6-week training period. In both groups, rest intervals were set at 15 seconds between efforts and one minute between sets. Before and after the training period, participants underwent a series of lab- and field-based tests to evaluate cardiorespiratory fitness and bio-motor abilities. Both interventions resulted in significant improvements in maximum oxygen uptake (V̇O2max), O2 pulse (V̇O2/HR), first ventilatory threshold (VT1), second ventilatory threshold (VT2), cardiac output (Q̇max), stroke volume (SV), peak power output (PPO), average power output (APO), squat jump (SJ), and countermovement jump (CMJ). However, linear speed (20-m speed time) and taekwondo-specific agility test (TSAT) only responded to HIITRS. HIITRS resulted in greater changes in V̇O2max, V̇O2/HR, VT2, and Q̇max, and higher percentage of responders in measured parameters than HIITTS. In addition, HIITRS elicited lower inter-individual variability (CV) in percent changes from pre- to post-training in all measured variables. These results suggest that incorporating 3 sessions per week of HIITRS into regular taekwondo training results in significantly greater and more homogenized adaptations in cardiorespiratory fitness and bio-motor abilities than HIITTS among trained taekwondo athletes.

To determine changes in lung function following an acute bout of high intensity interval exercise (HIIE), moderate intensity interval exercise (MIIE), and moderate intensity continuous exercise (MICE) in adults with airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR). A randomized cross-over design was used. Participants completed five laboratory sessions: (1) eucapnic voluntary hyperpnea challenge (2) maximal exercise test to determine peak power output (PPO) and, (3–5) HIIE (90% PPO for 1min followed by 10% PPO for 1min, repeated 10 times), MIIE (65% PPO for 1min followed by 10% PPO for 1min, repeated 10 times) and MICE (65% PPO for 20min). Lung function was assessed pre and post-exercise. Thirteen participants (age: 21.1±2.7years) with mild/moderate asthma completed all protocols. Lung function was significantly lower following the MICE (−14.8%±12.2) protocol compared to the HIIE (−7.1%±8.3) and MIIE (−4.5%±3.3). It appears that MICE is associated with the greatest decline in post-exercise FEV1 among those with AHR. Interval exercise may be better tolerated than continuous exercise among those with AHR.