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The exploitation of archaeological sites for commercial gain is a serious problem worldwide. In peace and during wartime archaeological sites and cultural institutions, both on land and underwater, are attacked and their contents robbed for sale on an international 'antiquities' market. Objects are excavated without record, smuggled across borders and sold for exorbitant prices in the salesrooms of Europe and North America. In some countries this looting has now reached such a scale as to threaten the very survival of their archaeological and cultural heritage. This volume highlights the deleterious effects of the trade on cultural heritage, but in particular it focuses upon questions of legal and local responses: How can people become involved in the preservation of their past and what, in economic terms, are the costs and benefits? Are international conventions or export restrictions effective in diminishing the volume of the trade and the scale of its associated destruction? Neil Brodie is an Archaeologist who since 1988 has been Coordinator of the Illicit Antiquities Research Centre at the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge. Kathryn Walker Tubb is an Archaeological Conservator and Lecturer at the Institue of Archaeology, University College London. She has co-organized a major international conference entitled 'Conservation and the AntiquitiesTrade' in 1993 for the UK Institute for Conservation Archaeology Section.

The Constructed Past presents group of powerful images of the past, termed in the book construction sites. At these sites, full scale, three-dimensional images of the past have been created for a variety of reasons including archaeological experimentation, tourism and education. Using various case studies, the contributors frankly discuss the aims, problems and mistakes experienced with reconstruction. They encourage the need for on-going experimentation and examine the various uses of the sites; political, economical and educational. Introduction P. G. Stone and P. Planel ; 1. Archaeological reconstructions and the community in the UK M. Blockley 2. Reconstruction versus preservation in place in the United States National Park Service J. H. Jameson Jr. and W. J. Hunt 3. Reconstruction sites and education in Japan: a case study from the Kansai Region K. Okamura and R. Condon 4. The origin and role of the Irish National Heritage Park E. Culleton 5. Resurrection and deification at Colonial Williamsburg, USA I. N. Hume 6. Shakespeare's Globe: 'As faithful a copy as scholarship ... could get ..' .. '.. A bit of a bastard ..' T. Schadla-Hall 7. Butser Ancient Farm, UK P. Reynolds 8. The Historical Archaeological Experimentation Centre at Lejre, Denmark: 30 years of experimenting with the past M. Rasmussen and B. Grønnow 9. Reconstruction as ideology: the Open Air Museum at Oerlinghausen, Germany M. Schmidt 10. Slavonic Archaeology: GroB Raden an Open Air Museum in a unified Germany U. Sommer 11. The reconstruction of sites in the archaeological themepark Archeon in the Netherlands G. Ijzereef 12. Pembrokeshire's pasts. Natives, invaders and Welsh archaeology: the Castell Henllys experience H. Mytum 13. The Parc Pyrénéen de l'Art Préhistorique, France: beyond replica and re-enactment in interpreting the ancient past J. Clottes and C. Chippindale 14. Experimental archaeology and education: ancient technology at the service of modern education at SAMARA, France G. Dieudonné 15. Lake dwellings: archaeological interpretation and social perception, a case study from France P. Pétrequin 16. The Ancient Technology Centre, Cranbourne, UK - a reconstruction site built for education J. Keen 17. Bede's World, UK: the monk who made history P. Fowler 18. Archaeological reconstruction and education at the Jorvik Viking Centre and Archaeological Resource Centre, York, UK A. Jones ONdini, The Zulu royal capital of King Cetshwayo Ka Mpande (1873-1879) Len O. van Schalkwyk 20. Akaim archaeological park: a cultural-ecological reserve in Russia G.B. Zdanovich

In 2021, the Polish Association of Economic History (PTHG) prepared and submitted to the 21st General Congress of Polish Historians - Białystok 2024, a panel entitled “Saving the economy: reconstruction, stabilization and creating paths for the development of the Polish economy in the 19th and 20th centuries”, which was accepted by the congress organizers. The main goal of the research undertaken is to analyze systemic actions to overcome crises in the 19th and 20th centuries, in particular the activity of the state and public institutions “helping the economy”, the tools used and their effectiveness and long-term consequences. The events of the last three years, especially the Covid 19 pandemic, the War in Ukraine, and the energy crisis, have put the world economy once again on the threshold of a global crisis. In this context, scientific reflection on the tools and mechanisms of “saving the economy” and “creating development paths” may have not only a cognitive, but also a practical dimension.

\"The past is never dead. It's not even past.\" — William Faulkner The three thought-provoking essays in Memory Matters explore how the process of memorialization keeps the past alive in the present and shape the way we imagine our possible futures. The product of a one-day symposium hosted by the Humanities Center at Miami University of Ohio, it focuses on issues of commemoration in the contexts of U.S. history, Native America, and museums. In \"From Lexington and Concord to Oklahoma City: The Perils and Promise of Public History,\" Edward T. Linenthal offers a fresh perspective on creating national memorials. In \"The Remembered/Forgotten on Native Ground,\" Daniel M. Cobb draws upon Benedict Anderson's notion of the \"remembered/forgotten\" to explore the work of memory at the sites of the Battle of the Little Bighorn, the Wounded Knee Massacre, and the Miami Removal. And in \"Museums Matter,\" Helen Sheumaker explores how museums function as repositories and creators of cultural memory. The volume also includes a transcript based on the question-and-answer session following the original presentations. Stemming from a two-year scholarly project, \"Memory and Culture: Engaged Scholarship, Multidisciplinary Connections, and the Public Humanities,\" Memory Matters provides scholars and those interested in such fields as museum studies, memorial studies, and cultural history with provocative discussions of the ways in which representation, power, and memory intersect.

In 2021, the Polish Association of Economic History (PTHG) prepared and submitted to the 21st General Congress of Polish Historians – Białystok 2024, a panel entitled , which was accepted by the congress organizers. The main goal of the research undertaken is to analyze systemic actions to overcome crises in the 19th and 20th centuries, in particular the activity of the state and public institutions “helping the economy”, the tools used and their effectiveness and long-term consequences. The events of the last three years, especially the Covid 19 pandemic, the War in Ukraine, and the energy crisis, have put the world economy once again on the threshold of a global crisis. In this context, scientific reflection on the tools and mechanisms of “saving the economy” and “creating development paths” may have not only a cognitive, but also a practical dimension.

The impetus for this study was a review of the Society for American Archaeology (SAA) 86th Annual Meeting program in 2021. Finding that no single poster or presentation referenced looting or antiquities trafficking despite these issues being ethical considerations that all SAA members are expected to recognize, we sought to investigate whether this was an irregularity – perhaps due to the virtual format of the meeting – or whether it was more common than not. For a broader understanding of if, how, and where these topics are discussed by archaeologists outside of the SAA, we expanded the investigation and studied the archives of 14 other archaeological and anthropological conferences. The results of the study show that despite there being an overall increase in mentioning looting and antiquities trafficking at conferences, it remains a niche and infrequently discussed topic.1

Historical museums and depositories contain collections with a number of lead objects or historical documents with lead seals. Lead is a metal which has good corrosion resistance under atmospheric conditions. On the other hand, lead corrodes in an activity in an environment which contains volatile organic compounds (mainly acetic acid and formic acid). In a depository environment, sources of volatile compounds can be the historical documents themselves, wood, plastics (those made from cellulose acetate), polyvinyl acetate adhesives, varnishes, oil or emulsion paints, etc. The aim of this work was to compare the efficiency of commercial adsorbents (activated carbon, activated alumina, zeolite, and bentonite) in the acetic acid vapours. The lead corrosion rates were determined by using lead resistometric probes. Activated alumina and activated carbon were found to be the most effective adsorbents of acetic acid vapours. On the other hand, the available zeolite had the worst sorption ability compared with the other tested substances.

On 4-5 February 2021, an international conference entitled \"What Prospects for 'Orphan Works'? Reflection on Cultural Goods without Provenance\" took place, which was organized by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization's (UNESCO) Chair in the International Law of the Protection of Cultural Heritage at the University of Geneva, the International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (UNIDROIT), and the Foundation Gandur pour l'Art. The conference was held remotely via Zoom. Welcoming speakers and participants, Yves Fluckiger (rector of the University of Geneva) highlighted that the event gathered world-class specialists in the field of art, art history, archeology, law, and economics, who face the problem of orphan works on a daily basis. Short speeches were also presented by Sami Kanaan (the mayor of Geneva), Jean Claude Gandur (Foundation Gandur pour l’Art), Marina Schneider (UNIDROIT), Marc-André Renold (the University of Geneva), and Isabelle Tassignon (Foundation Gandur pour l’Art).

Archives of historical photographs have a great potential for \"geo- or spatial sciences\", for they can provide highly relevant visual data on historical landscapes, populated places and settlement structures, including those now destroyed. Processing of these archives represents many challenges, among them the application of geoinformatic concepts and information technologies. The article presents the example of geo-referencing, crowdsourcing, and other computer-based technologies applied to the archival photographs of today-destroyed sites on the Czech - Bavarian border, where many villages, farm sites and monuments were destroyed in the 1950s or abandoned as a consequence of post-WWII development. In the situation of dramatically changing landscape and land use, historical photographs are an important source of documentation for both research and virtual reconstruction of disappeared places, landscape, and society.