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"History, Modern 18th century Congresses."
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The Use of Censorship in the Enlightenment
Taking an interdisciplinary approach to the topic, this volume studies the role censorship played in the intellectual culture of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, how it was implemented, and how it affected the development philosophy and literary writing.
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Organizations, civil society, and the roots of development
Modern developed nations are rich and politically stable in part because their citizens are free to form organizations and have access to the relevant legal resources. Yet in spite of the advantages of open access to civil organizations, it is estimated that eighty percent of people live in countries that do not allow unfettered access. Why have some countries disallow the formation of organizations as part of their economic and political system?
The contributions to Organizations, Civil Society, and the Roots of Development seek to answer this question through an exploration of how developing nations throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, including the United States, United Kingdom, France, and Germany, made the transition to allowing their citizens the right to form organizations. The transition, contributors show, was not an easy one. Neither political changes brought about by revolution nor subsequent economic growth led directly to open access. In fact, initial patterns of change were in the opposite direction, as political coalitions restricted access to specific organizations for the purpose of maintaining political control. Ultimately, however, it became clear that these restrictions threatened the foundation of social and political order. Tracing the path of these modern civil societies, Organizations, Civil Society, and the Roots of Development is an invaluable contribution to all interested in today's developing countries and the challenges they face in developing this organizational capacity.
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British Medicine in an Age of Reform
British Medicine in an Age of Reform , charts the nature and dynamics of the radical changes which occurred between 1780 and 1850 - a great turning point in British medicine. Medicine was reformed just as politics was being reformed. It became a recognizable profession, and at the same time there was an impetus from within to base the subject upon science. By the end of the 1850's medicine had become perceptibly `modern'. Contributions by acknowledged experts cover subjects from Apothecaries' Act of 1815 to froensic medicine, and the effect of scientific medicine on the doctor-patient relationship. Fascinating and detailed, British Medicine in an Age of Reform provides a rich source of information for students of social history, the history of medicine and science, and for those working in the medical profession.
Contributors : Logie Barrow , University of Bremen, Germany Catherine Crawford , Essex University Mary Fissell , University of Manchester Stephen Jacyna , University of Manchester Roy Porter , The Wellcome Institute Ruth Richardson , The Institute of Historical Research Perry Williams , Cambridge University
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The Peace of Passarowitz, 1718
In the late spring of 1718 near the village of Požarevac (German Passarowitz) in northern Serbia, freshly conquered by Habsburg forces, three delegations representing the Holy Roman Emperor, Ottoman Sultan, and the Republic of Venice gathered to end the conflict that had begun three and a half years earlier. The fighting had spread throughout southeastern Europe, from Hungary to the southernmost tip of the Peloponnese. The peace redrew the map of the Balkans, extending the reach of Habsburg power, all but expelling Venice from the Greek mainland, and laying the foundations for Ottoman revitalization during the Tulip period. In this volume, twenty specialists analyze the military background to and political context of the peace congress and treaty. They assess the immediate significance of the Peace of Passarowitz and its longer term influence on the society, demography, culture, and economy of central Europe.
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Tea
In Tea ,
James R. Fichter reveals that despite the so-called Boston Tea
Party in 1773, two large shipments of tea from the East India
Company survived and were ultimately drunk in North
America. Their survival shaped the politics of the years
ahead, impeded efforts to reimburse the company for the tea lost in
Boston Harbor, and hinted at the enduring potency of consumerism in
revolutionary politics.
Tea protests were widespread in 1774, but so were tea
advertisements and tea sales, Fichter argues. The protests were
noisy and sometimes misleading performances, not clear signs that
tea consumption was unpopular. Revolutionaries vilified tea in
their propaganda and prohibited the importation and consumption of
tea and British goods. Yet merchant ledgers reveal these goods were
still widely sold and consumed in 1775. Colonists supported
Patriots more than they abided by non-consumption. When Congress
ended its prohibition against tea in 1776, it reasoned that the ban
was too widely violated to enforce. War was a more effective means
than boycott for resisting Parliament, after all, and as rebel arms
advanced, Patriots seized tea and other goods Britons left behind.
By 1776, protesters sought tea and, objecting to its high price,
redistributed rather than destroyed it. Yet as Fichter demonstrates
in Tea , by then the commodity was not a symbol of the
British state, but of American consumerism.
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Eighteenth-Century Periodicals as Agents of Change
Eighteenth-century periodicals as agents of change: Perspectives on Northern Enlightenment offers new accounts of the impact of Enlightenment ideas in Scandinavia, with a particular focus on the transnational and revolutionary role of the new periodical press.
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Sattelzeit
Prädestiniert durch ihre Geschichte - als Zentrum der deutschen Frühaufklärung mit europäischer Wirkung und als einer der Impulsgeber der anthropologischen Wende - gründete die Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg 1993 das Interdisziplinäre Zentrum für die Erforschung der Europäischen Aufklärung (IZEA). Bisherige und gegenwärtige Forschungsschwerpunkte des IZEA umfassen die aufklärerische Anthropologie, die Aufklärung im Bezugsfeld frühneuzeitlicher Esoterik, Universitätsgeschichte, den Philanthropismus und das Gartenreich Dessau-Wörlitz, neuere Akzente liegen auf der Frühaufklärung als Experimentierfeld und der Begründung von Kulturmustern für die Moderne. Die Ergebnisse dieser Forschungen erscheinen seit Herbst 1995 in der wissenschaftlichen Reihe des IZEA unter dem Titel »Hallesche Beiträge zur Europäischen Aufklärung«. Hinzu kommen qualifizierte Arbeiten, die extern entstanden sind. Pro Jahr erscheinen zwei bis vier Bände (Monographien, Sammelbände, Quellenkommentare).
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The art market in Rome in the eighteenth century : a study in the social history of art
Eighteenth-century Rome offers a privileged view of art market activities, given the continuity of remarkable investments by the local ruling class, combined with the decisive impact of external agents, largely linked to the Grand Tour. This book, the result of collaboration between international specialists, brings back into the spotlight protagonists, facts and dynamics that have remained unexplored for many years.
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Discourses of Tolerance & Intolerance in the European Enlightenment
The principle of tolerance is one of the most enduring legacies of the Enlightenment. However, scholarly works on the topic to date have been primarily limited to traditional studies based on a historical, 'progressive' view or to the critiques of contemporary writers such as Adorno, Horkheimer, Foucault, and MacIntyre, who believed that the core beliefs of the Enlightenment, including tolerance, could actually be used as vehicles of repression and control rather than as agents promoting individual and group freedom.This collection of original essays by a distinguished international group of contributors looks at the subject in a new light and from a number of angles, focusing on the concept of tolerance at the point where the individual, or group, converges or clashes with the state.
The volume opens with introductory essays that provide essential background to the major shift in thinking in regard to tolerance that occurred during the eighteenth century, while considering the general problem of writing a history of tolerance. The remaining essays, organized around two central themes, trace the expansion of the discourses of tolerance and intolerance. The first group treats tolerance and intolerance in relation to the spheres of religious and political thought and practice. The second examines the extension of broad issues of tolerance and intolerance in the realms of race, gender, deviancy, and criminality. While offering an in-depth consideration of these complex issues in the context of the Enlightenment, the volume sheds light on many similar challenges facing contemporary society.
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