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Syro-Hittite Monumental Art and the Archaeology of Performance
The ceremonial centers of the Syro-Hittite city-states (1200-700 BC) were lavishly decorated with large-scale, open-air figurative reliefs – an original and greatly influential artistic tradition that has captivated the imagination of its contemporaries as well as that of modern scholars. This volume explores how Syro-Hittite monumental art was used as a powerful backdrop to important ritual events, and it opens up a new perspective by situating the monumental heritage in the context of large public performances and civic spectacles of great emotional impact. The first part of the volume focuses on the sites of Carchemish and Zincirli, offering a close reading of the relevant archaeological contexts. The second part of the volume discusses the embedment of monumental art in ritual performance and examines how change in art relates to change in ceremonial behavior, and how the latter relates in turn to change in power structures and models of rulership.
eBook
Kanišite Hittite : the earliest attested record of Indo-European
In Kanišite Hittite Alwin Kloekhorst discusses the ethno-linguistic make-up of Kanis (Central Anatolia, modern-day Kültepe), the most important Anatolian mercantile centre during the Kārum-period (ca. 1970-1710 BCE), when Assyrian merchants dominated the trade in Anatolia. Especially by analysing the personal names of local individuals attested in Old Assyrian documents from Kanis, Alwin Kloekhorst demonstrates that the main language spoken there was a dialect of Hittite that was closely related to but nevertheless distinct from the Hittite language as spoken in the later Hittite Kingdom. This book offers a full account of all onomastic material and other linguistic data of Kanišite Hittite, which constitute the oldest attested record of any Indo-European language.
Book
The babilili-Ritual from Hattusa (CTH 718)
Hittite culture of the second millennium B.C.E. was strongly influenced by Mesopotamian culture, in part through the mediation of the peripheral cuneiform civilizations of northern Syria, in part through direct contact with Babylonia and Assyria. The text edited here (CTH 718) presents an extreme example of this cultural impact, featuring incantations in the Akkadian language (Hittite babilili) embedded within a ceremony set forth in the Hittite tongue. This ritual program has therefore become known to scholars as the \"babilili-ritual.\"
With almost 400 preserved lines, this ceremony is one of the longest religious compositions recovered from the Hittite capital, and there are indications that a significant additional portion has been lost. The divine figure to whom the rite is addressed is Pirinkir, a variety of the well-known Ishtar of Mesopotamia. Its purpose seems to be the elimination of the sins of a member of the royal family.
Many of the ritual activities and offering materials employed here are characteristic of the cult practice of the Classical Cilician region known as Kizzuwatna, which was introduced into the central Hittite realm during the final two centuries of the state's existence. Nonetheless, the Akkadian of the incantations is neither the Akkadian employed in the Hurrian-influenced area of Syria and eastern Anatolia nor that otherwise known from the Hittite royal archives; rather, it is closer to the language of the later Old Babylonian period, even if no precise Mesopotamian forerunners can yet be identified.
eBook
Royal Hittite Instructions and Related Administrative Texts
Few compositions provide as much insight into the structure of the Hittite state and the nature of Hittite society as the so-called Instructions. While these texts may strike the modern reader as didactic, the Hittites, who categorized them together with state treaties, understood them as “contracts” or “obligations,” consisting of the king’s instructions to officials such as priests and temple personnel, mayors, military officers, border garrison commanders, and palace servants. They detail how and in what spirit the officials are to carry out their duties and what consequences they are to suffer for failure. Also included are several examples of closely related oath impositions and oaths. Collecting for the first time the entire corpus of Hittite Instructions, this accessible volume presents these works in transliteration of the original texts and translation, with clear and readable introductory essays, references to primary and secondary sources, and thorough indices.
eBook
Hrozný and Hittite
This volume collects 33 papers from an international conference held at Charles University in 2015. Contributions span the full range of Hittite studies and related disciplines, from Anatolian and Indo-European linguistics and cuneiform philology to Ancient Near Eastern archaeology, history, and religion.
eBook
Ellueššar, lalakueššar, suppaleššar: Collective animal nouns in -eššar in Hittite
This paper details an analysis of the derivational process in Hittite of collective nouns for animals characterized by the suffix -eššar, which is one of the Hittite heteroclitic suffixes in -r/-n- together with -(ā)tar and -war (-mar). As well as deriving action and abstract nouns from verbs and adjectives, this suffix seems to originate also some collectives from nouns. In particular, the three collective formations lalakueššar ‘colony of ants, anthill’ < lalakueša- ‘ant’, šuppaleššar ‘livestock, animal fence’ < šuppal(a)- ‘animal’ and the uncertain ellueššar < illu-, usually presented in relationship with the etymology of Hitt. illuyanka-, were taken here into consideration. The purpose of the analysis is firstly to investigate how these collective formations in -eššar fit the framework of collective nouns offered by the other Indo-European languages, and secondly, to examine the relationship between collective and place nouns using a comparative approach, since these collective formations in -eššar seem to develop a locative meaning.
Journal Article