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This contribution commemorates Geert Hofstede, who recently passed away, as a pioneer in the study of culture and institutions. It does so by touching on some of the details of his personal life and connecting these with his professional career. The latter was devoted to developing the paradigm of national cultures based on empirical analysis, and to relate it to organisational behaviour. Closer scrutiny reveals that four distinct phases may be identified. Hofstede first started as an ‘undercover’ engineer and next moved to social psychology. During the second phase, he developed the first four dimensions of natural culture. During the third, Hofstede connected these national dimensions to organisational ones. During the last, he added two new cultural dimensions and developed additional practical applications. Finally, the article considers the reception, criticism, and further elaborations of Hofstede's contributions.

Geert Hofstede’s legendary national culture research is critiqued. Crucial assumptions which underlie his claim to have uncovered the secrets of entire national cultures are described and challenged. The plausibility of systematically causal national cultures is questioned.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to scrutinize Geert Hofstede’s conceptualization of national culture and provide an alternative beyond purely constructivist conceptualizations of culture for cross-cultural management scholars and practitioners. Design/methodology/approach – Hofstede’s conceptualization of national culture is discussed and criticized. Subsequently, alternatives are being discussed. Eventually, a more feasible alternative is suggested and the ways in which it can be applied are briefly mentioned. Findings – Several objections to Hofstede’s idea and measurement of national culture are listed: it assumes people are cultural dopes, it ignores the influence of non-cultural factors, it reifies culture, it assumes internal coherence, it does not account for change, it arbitrarily uses the nation-state as the preferred locus of culture, and it has an in-built Western bias. Several authors have argued for a constructivist conceptualization of culture, which sees culture as a repertoire, from which ideas and possible actions can be selected. The downside, however, is that it has no practical value for managers. In an attempt to solve this, the paper explores the possibilities of using the concept of national habitus, which shows how dispositions are shaped on a national level and how these dispositions change under the influence of other, non-national social forces. Practical implications – The paper briefly explores how a national habitus-centered approach can help cross-cultural managers. Originality/value – The paper’s added value lies in the use of a relatively recently extended sociological concept for cross-cultural management.

Toplumsal değişimi anlama söz konusu olduğunda, kültüre ait verileri barındırması ve toplumu yansıtması bakımından diziler önemli bir konumdadır. Televizyon dizilerinde modernlik, eski/yeni, geleneksel/modern gibi çatışmaları iç içe barındıran bakışla yansıtılırken, yeni medya platformlarının ortaya çıkışıyla dizi anlatılarında yeni üslup arayışlarına gidildiği göze çarpmaktadır . Bu yenilikten yola çıkan çalışmada, bireycilik olgusunun günümüzde nasıl görünümlerde sunulduğu araştırılacaktır. Türkiye'de yeni medya platformları için üretilen ilk içeriklerden olan Fi dizisi örneklem olarak seçilmiştir. Son dönemlerde dijital platformların kültürel anlamların dolaşımında önemli bir mecra olarak konumlanması, örneklemin seçilmesinde etkili olmuştur. Bu doğrultuda çalışmada bireyciliğin karakter betimlemelerine nasıl yansıtıldığı, bireycileşmiş kültürde yaşayan insanların duygusal durumları, bireyciliğin kutsanışı, ben-biz çatışması, bencillik, benliğin yeniden keşfi, gibi konular değerlendirilmiştir. Dizi, Geert Hofstede'nin kültürel boyutları aracılığıyla betimsel analize tabi tutulmuştur. Hofstede'nin kolektivizm-bireycilik sınıflandırması, çalışmanın savının güçlenmesinde etkili olmuştur. Sonuç olarak Fi'de neredeyse tüm karakterlerin bireycilik yaklaşımının altını çizen görünümlerde sunulduğu bulgulanmıştır.

Geert Hofstede, holland kultúrakutató, 2020. február 12-én elhunyt. Eredményei megkérdőjelezhetetlenek: létrehozott egy új tudományágat, az interkulturális menedzsmentet (angolul cross-cultural management), amely a legtöbb üzleti képzés kötelező törzstárgya, és hivatkozásai messze túlmutatnak a szakterületén, számtalan kulturális különbségeket érintő kutatás, legyen az marketing, vállalkozástan, pénzügy, számvitel, emberierőforrás-menedzsment, stratégiai menedzsment, diverzitás menedzsment stb. Hofstede dimenziói alapján veti össze a kultúrákat és von le következtetéseket. Ennek eredményeképpen Hofstede hivatkozásai napi szinten elérik egy jobb nemzetközi kutató egész életében elért hivatkozásszámát; csak a scholar.google-n 179004 hivatkozása van, személyes h-indexe 103.

This article aims to define and measure responsible corporate behaviour towards consumers in EU countries by defining an index of responsible corporate behaviour towards consumers and to establish the impact of Geert Hofstede's cultural dimensions on the responsible behaviour of organisations towards consumers. The index uses a specific measurement methodology based on three major components of responsible corporate behaviour towards customers and on content analysis of the Eurostat databases, the RAPEX 2012 Annual Report, the 2012-2013 Global Competitiveness Report and the Global Reporting Initiative database. We used the multifactorial regression and the Wald significance test to demonstrate that organisations operating in countries characterised by low power distance, individualism, femininity, tolerance of unknown and long-term orientation pay more attention to responsible corporate behaviour towards customers. The study highlights theoretical considerations that support the influence of the national cultural framework on responsible corporate behaviour towards consumers. The methodology for calculating the index of responsible corporate behaviour towards consumers can become a basis of analysis of responsible corporate behaviour towards local consumers or other stakeholders.

Since Geert Hofstede's Culture's Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values (Sage, 1980) was published, researchers have utilized Hofstede's cultural values framework in a wide variety of empirical studies. We review 180 studies published in 40 business and psychology journals and two international annual volumes between 1980 and June 2002 to consolidate what is empirically verifiable about Hofstede's cultural values framework. We discuss limitations in the Hofstede-inspired research and make recommendations for researchers who use Hofstede's framework in the future.

The influence of social media on the mental health of adolescents has been controversial and the findings in the literature are inconclusive. Although prior studies have identified several factors that may cause or trigger the proposed relationship, little is known about the culture-related factors as an underlying mechanism that could explain the complexity of this association. This study addressed this gap by examining the associations between the two domains of social media (i.e., time spent on weekdays and weekends) and two mental health outcomes (anxiety and depression) in adolescents via the moderating effect of horizontal-vertical individualism and collectivism. 299 secondary school students (Mage = 15.21 years; 61% girls) from Türkiye (N = 176), Ireland (N = 70), and England (N = 53) completed self-report surveys. Spending more than four hours on weekdays and weekends was positively associated with anxiety and depression whereas spending more than two hours on social media during weekends was positively associated with anxiety in the entire sample. Horizontal and vertical individualism moderated the association between time spent on social media and depression in the entire sample. The study’s strengths and limitations, along with the implications of the findings for future research, are thoroughly discussed.

Sustainable development involves constant efforts to reduce pollution by using resources as efficiently as possible. One of the sources of pollution is waste from packaging, recovery, and of course, the possibility of recycling them. The research theme of this paper is the reverse logistics of plastic packaging, which allows the realization of the idea of circular economy and green logistics, which promotes the idea of sustainable development. The EU is strongly committed to issues related to the management of plastic packaging and waste to reduce environmental pollution and achieve circularity goals. Through this article, we aim to highlight the degree to which the EU member states are included in the plastic packaging recycling targets for the year 2030. To highlight the evolution trend for the recycling rate of plastic packaging, we used an advanced forecasting model that runs a series of variables in order to draw up a forecast as accurate as possible. After highlighting the recycling rates for plastic packaging at the level of the EU member states, we proceeded to outline some recommendations in order to encourage the EU member states to make the recycling process more efficient. The current study continues the series of studies dealing with the problem of recycling, but it covers a topic not addressed until this moment, namely the behavior of the citizen regarding the recycling activity seen through the prism of national culture. The current study aims to strengthen the specialized literature in this field and to offer innovative solutions that appeal to the respective national cultures regarding the availability of the populations of the EU member states to address the problem of recycling plastic packaging, not only from a legislative perspective but also from a cultural one. In conclusion, this study generates a model of approach to government policies regarding the recycling of plastic packaging considering the types of national cultures prevailing in the EU member countries, with this being possible by grouping the countries into culturally homogenous clusters. In this way, the environmental policies enunciated by governments can be adapted to convey the message in a more personal way, considering the cultural differences between the EU member states.

Background: Effective doctor-patient communication is critical to healthcare outcomes, but cultural differences can significantly influence communication dynamics. Understanding how cultural factors shape communication styles is essential, particularly in cross-cultural healthcare settings. Power distance and individualism/collectivism are key cultural dimensions that may impact doctor-patient interactions. Objective: This study aims to examine the impact of cultural differences between China and the UK on doctor-patient communication, focusing on communication quality, patient participation in decision-making, and emotional expression. Methods: A total of 1000 participants (500 from China and 500 from the UK) were surveyed using four measurement tools: the Doctor-Patient Communication Scale (DPCS), the Hofstede Cultural Dimensions Questionnaire (HCDQ), the Patient Participation in Decision-Making Scale (PPDMS), and the Emotional Expression in Healthcare Scale (EEHS). The data were analyzed using independent samples t-tests, Pearson correlation, and regression analysis. Results: The findings reveal significant cultural differences between China and the UK in terms of communication quality, patient participation, and emotional expression. British patients reported significantly higher scores on all scales, reflecting the more egalitarian and individualistic communication style in the UK compared to the more hierarchical and collectivist style in China. Power distance and individualism/collectivism were significant predictors of communication outcomes, with higher power distance and stronger collectivism associated with lower communication quality, reduced patient participation, and more restrained emotional expression. Conclusion: Cultural dimensions significantly affect doctor-patient communication, highlighting the importance of considering cultural differences in healthcare settings. This study underscores the need for tailored communication strategies that accommodate cultural norms to improve patient engagement and healthcare outcomes across different cultural contexts. Future research should address the limitations of this study, including its reliance on self-reported data, and explore additional cultural contexts to better understand the complexities of cross-cultural healthcare communication. Keywords: doctor-patient communication, cultural differences, power distance, individualism/collectivism, emotional expression, decision-making participation