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As specification of a holotype has only been necessary for valid publication of a name of a species or infraspecific taxon since 1 January 1990, for names published before that date it is often uncertain if a holotype exists, and, if it does, where it is located. The rules governing holotype recognition are outlined and suggestions for best practice are made.

Aim: Small geographic ranges make species especially prone to extinction from anthropogenic disturbances or natural stochastic events. We assemble and analyse a comprehensive dataset of all the world's lizard species and identify the species with the smallest ranges–those known only from their type localities. We compare them to wide-ranging species to infer whether specific geographic regions or biological traits predispose species to have small ranges. Location: Global. Methods: We extensively surveyed museum collections, the primary literature and our own field records to identify all the species of lizards with a maximum linear geographic extent of <10 km. We compared their biogeography, key biological traits and threat status to those of all other lizards. Results: One in seven lizards (927 of the 6,568 currently recognized species) are known only from their type localities. These include 213 species known only from a single specimen. Compared to more wide-ranging taxa, they mostly inhabit relatively inaccessible regions at lower, mostly tropical, latitudes. Surprisingly, we found that burrowing lifestyle is a relatively unimportant driver of small range size. Geckos are especially prone to having tiny ranges, and skinks dominate lists of such species not seen for over 50 years, as well as of species known only from their holotype. Twothirds of these species have no IUCN assessments, and at least 20 are extinct. Main conclusions: Fourteen per cent of lizard diversity is restricted to a single location, often in inaccessible regions. These species are elusive, usually poorly known and little studied. Many face severe extinction risk, but current knowledge is inadequate to properly assess this for all of them. We recommend that such species become the focus of taxonomic, ecological and survey efforts.

The Villa de Leiva – Sáchica - Sutamarchán region is the most prolific locality for Early Cretaceous marine vertebrates in Colombia and one of the richest in these vertebrates in the world. All of these vertebrates come from beds of the Barremian-Aptian Arcillolitas abigarradas Member of the Paja Formation. Although many of the specimens have already been taxonomically studied, no publications have discussed their stratigraphic position and distribution within the Barremian-Aptian interval. Herein, we provide, for the first time, detailed stratigraphic information for the majority of the Barremian-Aptian marine vertebrates of the Villa de Leiva – Sáchica - Sutamarchán region reported so far. Based on 10 stratigraphic sections described in the several specimens finding sites, together with biostratigraphic information associated with specimens of imprecise geographical origin, we determined the stratigraphic provenance of 26 marine vertebrate specimens. It was also possible to refine the stratigraphic provenance of some specimens including the holotypes of Muiscasaurus catheti, “Kyhytysuka” sachicarum, and Protolamna ricaurtei whose stratigraphic origin was not previously specified beyond the Arcillolitas abigarradas Member. The data obtained allowed us to identify four vertebrate assemblages representing coeval faunas within the Barremian-Aptian interval, two from the Barremian and two from the upper Aptian. 

Dilophosaurus wetherilli was the largest animal known to have lived on land in North America during the Early Jurassic. Despite its charismatic presence in pop culture and dinosaurian phylogenetic analyses, major aspects of the skeletal anatomy, taxonomy, ontogeny, and evolutionary relationships of this dinosaur remain unknown. Skeletons of this species were collected from the middle and lower part of the Kayenta Formation in the Navajo Nation in northern Arizona. Redescription of the holotype, referred, and previously undescribed specimens of Dilophosaurus wetherilli supports the existence of a single species of crested, large-bodied theropod in the Kayenta Formation. The parasagittal nasolacrimal crests are uniquely constructed by a small ridge on the nasal process of the premaxilla, dorsoventrally expanded nasal, and tall lacrimal that includes a posterior process behind the eye. The cervical vertebrae exhibit serial variation within the posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina, which bifurcates and reunites down the neck. Iterative specimen-based phylogenetic analyses result in each of the additional specimens recovered as the sister taxon to the holotype. When all five specimens are included in an analysis, they form a monophyletic clade that supports the monotypy of the genus. Dilophosaurus wetherilli is not recovered as a ceratosaur or coelophysoid, but is instead a non-averostran neotheropod in a grade with other stem-averostrans such as Cryolophosaurus ellioti and Zupaysaurus rougieri. We did not recover a monophyletic ‘Dilophosauridae.’ Instead of being apomorphic for a small clade of early theropods, it is more likely that elaboration of the nasals and lacrimals of stem-averostrans is plesiomorphically present in early ceratosaurs and tetanurans that share those features. Many characters of the axial skeleton of Dilophosaurus wetherilli are derived compared to Late Triassic theropods and may be associated with macropredation and an increase in body size in Theropoda across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary.

Three new genera are described: Michener (Proteropinae), Bioalfa (Rogadinae), and Hermosomastax (Rogadinae). Keys are given for the New World genera of the following braconid subfamilies: Agathidinae, Braconinae, Cheloninae, Homolobinae, Hormiinae, Ichneutinae, Macrocentrinae, Orgilinae, Proteropinae, Rhysipolinae, and Rogadinae. In these subfamilies 416 species are described or redescribed. Most of the species have been reared and all but 13 are new to science. A consensus sequence of the COI barcodes possessed by each species is employed to diagnose the species, and this approach is justified in the introduction. Most descriptions consist of a lateral or dorsal image of the holotype, a diagnostic COI consensus barcode, the Barcode Index Number (BIN) code with a link to the Barcode of Life Database (BOLD), and the holotype specimen information required by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. The following species are treated and those lacking authorship are newly described here with authorship attributable to Sharkey except for the new species of Macrocentrinae which are by Sharkey & van Achterberg: AGATHIDINAE: Aerophilus paulmarshi , Mesocoelus davidsmithi , Neothlipsis bobkulai , Plesiocoelus vanachterbergi , Pneumagathis erythrogastra (Cameron, 1905), Therophilus bobwhartoni , T. donaldquickei , T. gracewoodae , T. maetoi , T. montywoodi , T. penteadodiasae , Zacremnops brianbrowni , Z. coatlicue Sharkey, 1990, Zacremnops cressoni (Cameron, 1887), Z. ekchuah Sharkey, 1990, Z. josefernandezi , Zelomorpha sarahmeierottoae . BRACONINAE: Bracon alejandromarini , B. alejandromasisi , B. alexamasisae , B. andresmarini , B. andrewwalshi , B. anniapicadoae , B. anniemoriceae , B. barryhammeli , B. bernardoespinozai , B. carlossanabriai , B. chanchini , B. christophervallei , B. erasmocoronadoi , B. eugeniephillipsae , B. federicomatarritai , B. frankjoycei , B. gerardovegai , B. germanvegai , B. isidrochaconi , B. jimlewisi , B. josejaramilloi , B. juanjoseoviedoi , B. juliodiazi , B. luzmariaromeroae , B. manuelzumbadoi , B. marialuisariasae , B. mariamartachavarriae , B. mariorivasi , B. melissaespinozae , B. nelsonzamorai , B. nicklaphami , B. ninamasisae , B. oliverwalshi , B. paulamarinae , B. rafamoralesi , B. robertofernandezi , B. rogerblancoi , B. ronaldzunigai , B. sigifredomarini , B. tihisiaboshartae , B. wilberthbrizuelai , Digonogastra montylloydi , D. montywoodi , D. motohasegawai , D. natwheelwrighti , D. nickgrishini . CHELONINAE: Adelius adrianguadamuzi , A. gauldi Shimbori & Shaw, 2019, A. janzeni Shimbori & Shaw, 2019, Ascogaster gloriasihezarae , A. grettelvegae , A. guillermopereirai , A. gustavoecheverrii , A. katyvandusenae , A. luisdiegogomezi , Chelonus alejandrozaldivari , C. gustavogutierrezi , C. gustavoinduni , C. harryramirezi , C. hartmanguidoi , C. hazelcambroneroae , C. iangauldi , C. isidrochaconi , C. janecheverriae , C. jeffmilleri , C. jennyphillipsae , C. jeremydewaardi , C. jessiehillae , C. jesusugaldei , C. jimlewisi , C. jimmilleri , C. jimwhitfieldi , C. johanvalerioi , C. johnburnsi , C. johnnoyesi , C. jorgebaltodanoi , C. jorgehernandezi , C. josealfredohernandezi , C. josefernandeztrianai , C. josehernandezcortesi , C. josemanuelperezi , C. josephinerodriguezae , C. juanmatai , C. junkoshimurae , C. kateperezae , C. luciariosae , C. luzmariaromeroae , C. manuelpereirai , C. manuelzumbadoi , C. marianopereirai , C. maribellealvarezae , C. markmetzi , C. markshawi , C. martajimenezae , C. mayrabonillae , C. meganmiltonae , C. melaniamunozae , C. michaelstroudi , C. michellevanderbankae , C. mingfangi , C. minorcarmonai , C. monikaspringerae , C. moniquegilbertae , C. motohasegawai , C. nataliaivanovae , C. nelsonzamorai , C. normwoodleyi , C. osvaldoespinozai , C. pamelacastilloae , C. paulgoldsteini , C. paulhansoni , C. paulheberti , C. petronariosae , C. ramyamanjunathae , C. randallgarciai , C. rebeccakittelae , C. robertoespinozai , C. robertofernandezi , C. rocioecheverriae , C. rodrigogamezi , C. ronaldzunigai , C. rosibelelizondoae , C. rostermoragai , C. ruthfrancoae , C. scottmilleri , C. scottshawi , C. sergioriosi , C. sigifredomarini , C. stevearonsoni , C. stevestroudi , C. sujeevanratnasinghami , C. sureshnaiki , C. torbjornekremi , C. yeimycedenoae , Leptodrepana alexisae , L. erasmocoronadoi , L. felipechavarriai , L. freddyquesadai , L. gilbertfuentesi , L. manuelriosi , Phanerotoma almasolisae , P. alvaroherrerai , P. anacordobae , P. anamariamongeae , P. andydeansi , P. angelagonzalezae , P. angelsolisi , P. barryhammeli , P. bernardoespinozai , P. calixtomoragai , P. carolinacanoae , P. christerhanssoni , P. christhompsoni , P. davesmithi , P. davidduthiei , P. dirksteinkei , P. donquickei , P. duniagarciae , P. duvalierbricenoi , P. eddysanchezi , P. eldarayae , P. eliethcantillanoae , P. jenopappi , Pseudophanerotoma alanflemingi , Ps. albanjimenezi , Ps. alejandromarini , Ps. alexsmithi , Ps. allisonbrownae , Ps. bobrobbinsi . HOMOLOBINAE: Exasticolus jennyphillipsae , E. randallgarciai , E. robertofernandezi , E. sigifredomarini , E. tomlewinsoni . HORMIINAE: Hormius anamariamongeae , H. angelsolisi , H. anniapicadoae , H. arthurchapmani , H. barryhammeli , H. carmenretanae , H. carloswalkeri , H. cesarsuarezi , H. danbrooksi , H. eddysanchezi , H. erikframstadi , H. georgedavisi , H. grettelvegae , H. gustavoinduni , H. hartmanguidoi , H. hectoraritai , H. hesiquiobenitezi , H. irenecanasae , H. isidrochaconi, H. jaygallegosi , H. jimbeachi , H. jimlewisi , H. joelcracrafti , H. johanvalerioi , H. johnburleyi , H. joncoddingtoni , H. jorgecarvajali , H. juanmatai , H. manuelzumbadoi , H. mercedesfosterae , H. modonnellyae , H. nelsonzamorai , H. pamelacastilloae , H. raycypessi , H. ritacolwellae , H. robcolwelli , H. rogerblancosegurai , H. ronaldzunigai , H. russchapmani , H. virginiaferrisae , H. warrenbrighami , H. willsflowersi . ICHNEUTINAE: Oligoneurus kriskrishtalkai , O. jorgejimenezi , Paroligoneurus elainehoaglandae , P. julianhumphriesi , P. mikeiviei . MACROCENTRINAE: Austrozele jorgecampabadali , A. jorgesoberoni , Dolichozele gravitarsis (Muesebeck, 1938), D. josefernandeztrianai , D. josephinerodriguezae , Hymenochaonia kalevikulli , H. kateperezae , H. katherinebaillieae , H. katherineellisonae , H. katyvandusenae , H. kazumifukunagae , H. keithlangdoni , H. keithwillmotti , H. kenjinishidai , H. kimberleysheldonae , H. krisnorvigae , H. lilianamadrigalae , H. lizlangleyae , Macrocentrus fredsingeri , M. geoffbarnardi , M. gregburtoni , M. gretchendailyae , M. grettelvegae , M. gustavogutierrezi , M. hannahjamesae , M. harisridhari , M. hillaryrosnerae , M. hiroshikidonoi , M. iangauldi , M. jennyphillipsae , M. jesseausubeli , M. jessemaysharkae , M. jimwhitfieldi , M. johnbrowni , M. johnburnsi , M. jonathanfranzeni , M. jonathanrosenbergi , M. jorgebaltodanoi , M. lucianocapelli . ORGILINAE: Orgilus amyrossmanae , O. carrolyoonae , O. christhompsoni , O. christinemcmahonae , O. dianalipscombae , O. ebbenielsoni , O. elizabethpennisiae , O. evertlindquisti , O. genestoermeri , O. jamesriegeri , O. jeanmillerae , O. jeffmilleri , O. jerrypowelli , O. jimtiedjei , O. johnlundbergi , O. johnpipolyi , O. jorgellorentei , O. larryspearsi , O. marlinricei , O. mellissaespinozae , O. mikesmithi , O. normplatnicki , O. peterrauchi , O. richardprimacki , O. sandraberriosae , O. sarahmirandae , O. scottmilleri , O. scottmorii , Stantonia billalleni , S. brookejarvisae , S. donwilsoni , S. erikabjorstromae , S. garywolfi , S. henrikekmani , S. luismirandai , S. miriamzunzae , S. quentinwheeleri , S. robinkazmierae , S. ruthtifferae . PROTEROPINAE: Hebichneutes tricolor Sharkey & Wharton, 1994, Proterops iangauldi , P. vickifunkae , Michener charlesi . RHYSIPOLINAE: Pseudorhysipolis luisfonsecai , P. mailyngonzalezaeRhysipolis julioquirosi . ROGADINAE: Aleiodes adrianaradulovae , A. adrianforsythi , A. agnespeelleae , A. alaneaglei , A. alanflemingi , A. alanhalevii , A. alejandromasisi , A. alessandracallejae , A. alexsmithi , A. alfonsopescadori , A. alisundermieri , A. almasolisae , A. alvarougaldei , A. alvaroumanai , A. angelsolisi , A. annhowdenae , A. bobandersoni , A. carolinagodoyae , A. charlieobrieni , A. davefurthi , A. donwhiteheadi , A. doylemckeyi , A. frankhovorei , A. henryhowdeni , A. inga Shimbori & Shaw, 2020, A. johnchemsaki , A. johnkingsolveri , A. gonodontovorus Shimbori & Shaw, 2020, A. manuelzumbadoi , A. mayrabonillae , A. michelledsouzae , A. mikeiviei , A. normwoodleyi , A. pammitchellae , A. pauljohnsoni , A. rosewarnerae , A. steveashei , A. terryerwini , A. willsflowersi , Bioalfa pedroleoni , B. alvarougaldei , B. rodrigogamezi , Choreborogas andydeansi , C. eladiocastroi , C. felipechavarriai , C. frankjoycei , Clinocentrus andywarreni , Cl. angelsolisi , Cystomastax alexhausmanni , Cy. angelagonzalezae , Cy. ayaigarashiae , Hermosomastax clavifemorus Quicke sp. nov., Heterogamus donstonei , Pseudoyelicones bernsweeneyi , Stiropius bencrairi , S. berndkerni , S. edgargutierrezi , S. edwilsoni , S. ehakernae , Triraphis billfreelandi , T. billmclarneyi , T. billripplei , T. bobandersoni , T. bobrobbinsi , T. bradzlotnicki , T. brianbrowni , T. brianlaueri , T. briannestjacquesae , T. camilocamargoi , T. carlosherrerai , T. carolinepalmerae , T. charlesmorrisi , T. chigiybinellae , T. christerhanssoni , T. christhompsoni , T. conniebarlowae , T. craigsimonsi , T. defectus Valerio, 2015, T. danielhubi , T. davidduthiei , T. davidwahli , T. federicomatarritai , T. ferrisjabri , T. mariobozai , T. martindohrni , T. matssegnestami , T. mehrdadhajibabaei , T. ollieflinti , T. tildalauerae , Yelicones dirksteinkei , Y. markmetzi , Y. monserrathvargasae , Y. tricolor Quicke, 1996. Y. woldai Quicke, 1996. The following new combinations are proposed: Neothlipsis smithi (Ashmead), new combination for Microdus smithi Ashmead, 1894; Neothlipsis pygmaeus (Enderlein), new combination for Microdus pygmae

As currently delimited, the Brassicaceae comprise 49 tribes, 321 genera, and 3660 species. Of these, 20 genera and 34 species remain to be assigned to tribes. These figures differ substantially from those estimated five years ago, in which 25 tribes, 338 genera, and 3709 species were recognized. Of those 338 genera, 37 are treated herein as synonyms, and 21 genera (10 re-established and 11 new) have since been added. The genera Notothlaspi, Peltariopsis, Sinapidendron, and Xerodrahu are lectotypified. The following 11 taxa are reduced for the first time to synonymy of what follows them in parentheses: Boreava and Tauscheria (Isatis), Catadysia (Weberbauerd), Coelophragmus (Dryopetalon), Crambeae (Brassiceae), Eremodraba (Neuontobotrys), Leavenworthieae (Cardamineae), Lexarzanthe (Romanschulzia), Noccaeopsis (Noccaea), Romanschulzia orizabae (R. arabiformis), and Sibaropsis (Streptanthus). The new names Isatis zarrei and I. quadrialata are proposed to avoid the creation of later homonyms upon the transfers to Isatis of the herein lectotypified Boreava orientalis and Sameraria nummularia, respectively. Twenty-seven new combinations are proposed: Abdra aprica, Camelinopsis kurdica, Dryopetalon auriculatum, Isatis aptera, I. cardiocarpa, I. glastifolia, I. gymnocarpa, Neuontobotrys intricatissima, N. schulzii, Noccaea apterocarpa, N. caespitosa, N. iberidea, N. oppositifolia, Onuris hauthalii, Parlatoria taurica, Petroravenia friesii, P. werdermannii, Streptanthus barnebyi, S. cooperi, S. hammittii, Tomostima araboides, T. australis, T. cuneifolia, T. platycarpa, T. reptans, T. sonorae, and Weberbauera rosulans.

Lystrosaurus murrayi and L. declivis are two dicynodont (Therapsida, or mammal-like reptile) species commonly represented in Triassic deposits which are referred to as the ‘Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone’ of the South African Karoo, postdating the Permo-Triassic boundary at 252 million years ago. The holotypes of these two species are curated in the Natural History Museum in London. Unfortunately, both are fragmentary (personal observation). Despite the fragmentary condition of the holotypes, Cluver, Cluver and King and Brink accepted the view that at least two species of Lystrosaurus (L. murrayi and L. declivis) could be distinguished.

An update of the nomenclature of 49 Caribbean Island-occurring taxa of Plumeria (Apocynaceae: Plumerieae) is presented. We designate lectotypes for the following 29 names: Plumeria alba var. jacquiniana, P. apiculata, P. barahonensis, P. beatensis, P. berteroi, P. biglandulosa, P. confusa, P. cuneifolia, P. dictyophylla, P. discolor, P. domingensis, P. gibbosa, P. inaguensis, P. jaegeri, P. jamaicensis, P. krugii, P. leuconeura, P. longiflora, P. marchii, P. obtusa var. laevis, P. obtusa var. parviflora, P. ostenfeldii, P. paulinae, P. pilosula, P. revolutifolia, P. stenopetala, P. stenopetala var. angustissima, P. subsessilis, and P. trouinensis. A neotype is assigned to P. bahamensis, and epitypes are presented for P. alba var. jacquiniana, P. gibbosa and P. stenopetala. Plumeria portoricensis is regarded as an uncertain name. Fifteen of the Cuban endemics were inadvertently lectotypified; three of them (P. cayensis, P. cubensis, P. stenophylla) require a two-step lectotypification, which is presented here. Two of the names (P. filifolia, P. tuberculata) were lectotypified in previous works and we concord with these typifications. The protologue of P. magna includes the holotype for this name.