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Horace Wells, a pioneering figure in the field of anesthesia, was born on January 21, 1815, in Hartford, Vermont. He is widely recognized for his groundbreaking discovery of the anesthetic properties of nitrous oxide, a finding that revolutionized pain management in both medical and dental procedures. Wells' contribution marked a pivotal moment in the history of surgery, transforming it from a traumatic, painful ordeal to a more humane and tolerable practice. Wells initially trained as a dentist and began his career in Hartford, USA, where he developed a reputation for his skill and innovation. His interest in finding a solution to the extreme pain patients experienced during dental work led him to experiment with nitrous oxide, also known as \"laughing gas.\" In 1844, after observing its recreational use, Wells hypothesized that nitrous oxide could be used to alleviate pain during surgical procedures. To test his theory, Wells arranged a public demonstration in which he had his own tooth extracted while under the influence of nitrous oxide. The experiment was a success, proving the anesthetic potential of the gas. Although Wells' initial public demonstration in Boston met with skepticism and failure, his work laid the foundation for the development of anesthesiology. Over time, the medical community recognized the significance of his discovery, which opened the door to further advancements in anesthesia, including the use of ether and chloroform. Wells' contributions, particularly to dental surgery and anesthesia, continue to be celebrated. He is remembered as one of the key figures who helped establish the practice of pain-free surgery, changing the course of both medical and dental fields forever. Despite facing early criticism, Wells' discovery of nitrous oxide remains a cornerstone of modern anesthesia.

Anesthesiology has been the practice of dentistry since dentists Horace Wells (1844) and William T. G. Morton (1846) first discovered the miracle of anesthesia for painless surgery by administering nitrous oxide and diethyl ether, respectively. Fortunately for the good of mankind, Dr Morton administered it for a patient of the chief of surgery at Massachusetts General Hospital, John Collins Warren, MD, who was a dean at the Harvard Medical School and a primary founder of the New England Journal of Medicine and Surgery. Dr Warren was absolutely amazed that Dr Morton kept his patient quietly asleep during the operation instead of having to listen to the painful screaming that always accompanied all surgery at that time. It was reported that he famously said of Morton’s demonstration, ‘‘Gentlemen, this is no humbug.’’ Dr Warren made certain that this most important discovery was published and made available to all doctors around the world. Both the American Dental Association (ADA) (1864) and the American Medical Association (1870) gave credit to Dr Wells as the discoverer of anesthesia,1 but Dr Morton’s successful public demonstration was especially significant for changing dentistry and medicine forever because of Dr Warren’s powerful endorsement and lofty position he held in the worldwide medical community.

Inhalation sedation (IS) with nitrous oxide (N 2 O) is classified as minimal sedation. In paediatric dentistry, IS works well for mildly anxious but potentially cooperative children, reducing the need for general anaesthesia for simple dental procedures. We review contemporary guidelines relating to ISN 2 O in Australasia, the UK, Europe and the US. As this is a multispecialty area, with differences in laws, regulations, guidance and governance from country to country, this review aims to illuminate global trends and assist with the designing of local regulations for the safe practice of ISN 2 O.

The discovery of anesthesia occurred during a narrow time span in the mid-19th century, but there is no agreement about who deserves credit for this important American contribution to medicine. Based mostly on an examination of primary sources, we explore how formal and informal interactions between the principals affected their careers, lives, and attribution of credit for the discovery of anesthesia. There should be no controversy as to which individual deserves credit for the discovery of anesthesia if credit is ascribed for specific contributions. We suggest that credit for the discovery of anesthesia be divided among 4 individuals who played specific roles. Crawford W. Long first used ether as an anesthetic during surgery, Horace Wells introduced nitrous oxide for pain relief during dental surgery, and William T. G. Morton gave the first public demonstration of ether anesthesia and spread the word about its efficacy. Charles T. Jackson suggested the use of ether as an anesthetic agent to Morton. We also assert that had these individuals not known one another, the discovery of anesthesia would have proceeded in approximately the same timeframe, but Wells, Morton, and Jackson would have enjoyed more productive careers as well as longer, more peaceful lives.

Hartford Stage Hartford, Connecticut, 2014-2015 Ether Dome Elizabeth Egloff (11 Sept.-5 Oct.) Hamlet William Shakespeare (16 Oct.-9 Nov.) A Christmas Carol Charles Dickens, adapted by Michael Wilson (28 Nov.- 28 Dec.) Private Lives Noël Coward (8 Jan.-1 Feb.) Reverberation Matthew Lopez (19 Feb.-15 Mar.) Pianist of Willesden Lane Mona Golabek and Lee Cohen, adapted by Hershey Felder (26 Mar.-19 Apr.) Kiss Me Kate Cole Porter (music and lyrics), Ella and Samuel Spewack (book) (14 May-7 Jun.) In keeping with the company's tradition, the fifty-first season at Hartford Stage presented audiences with a blend of old and new theatre, offering three artfully staged revivals of classics alongside three world premieres of provocative contemporary work. The season also featured artistic director, Darko Tresnjak, fresh from his Tony Award win for Best Director of A Gentleman's Guide to Love and Murder, Hartford's hit Broadway transfer of last season, who staged three of the revivals, affording him the opportunity to once again demonstrate his creative strength with both Shakespeare and musical theatre. Despite the clearly capable production team working on the show, the inherent historical interest of the topic, and the relevant ethical questions of commercial exploitation of medical innovation for personal financial gain, the play itself felt unfinished in its wandering story line and the insufficient character development of its less-than-sympathetic protagonist.