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"Hormones, Sex"
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Man and woman : an inside story
\"The saga of sex differences in brain and behavior begins with a tiny sperm swimming toward a huge egg, to contribute its tiny Y chromosome plus its copies of the other chromosomes. Genetic, anatomic and physiologic alterations in the male ensue, making his brain and behavior different in specific respects from his sister. Brain-wise, specific cell groups develop differently in males compared to females, in some cases right after birth and in other cases at puberty. But genetics and neuroanatomy do not dominate the scene. Prenatal stress, postnatal stress and lousy treatment at puberty all can affect males and females in different ways. The upshot of all these genetic and environmental factors produces small sex differences in certain abilities and huge sex differences in feelings, in pain and in suffering. Put this all together and the reader will see that biological and cultural influences on gender roles operate at so many different levels to influence behavioral mechanisms that gender role choices are flexible, reversible and non-dichotomous, especially in modern societies.\"--Book jacket.
Book
Circulating sex hormones and breast cancer risk factors in postmenopausal women: reanalysis of 13 studies
Background:
Breast cancer risk for postmenopausal women is positively associated with circulating concentrations of oestrogens and androgens, but the determinants of these hormones are not well understood.
Methods:
Cross-sectional analyses of breast cancer risk factors and circulating hormone concentrations in more than 6000 postmenopausal women controls in 13 prospective studies.
Results:
Concentrations of all hormones were lower in older than younger women, with the largest difference for dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS), whereas sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) was higher in the older women. Androgens were lower in women with bilateral ovariectomy than in naturally postmenopausal women, with the largest difference for free testosterone. All hormones were higher in obese than lean women, with the largest difference for free oestradiol, whereas SHBG was lower in obese women. Smokers of 15+ cigarettes per day had higher levels of all hormones than non-smokers, with the largest difference for testosterone. Drinkers of 20+ g alcohol per day had higher levels of all hormones, but lower SHBG, than non-drinkers, with the largest difference for DHEAS. Hormone concentrations were not strongly related to age at menarche, parity, age at first full-term pregnancy or family history of breast cancer.
Conclusion:
Sex hormone concentrations were strongly associated with several established or suspected risk factors for breast cancer, and may mediate the effects of these factors on breast cancer risk.
Journal Article
Puberty in crisis : the sociology of early sexual development
\"Puberty has long been recognised as a difficult and upsetting process for individuals and families, but it is now also being widely described as in crisis. Reportedly occurring earlier and earlier as each decade of the twenty-first century passes, sexual development now heralds new forms of temporal trouble in which sexuality, sex/gender and reproduction are all at stake. Many believe that children are growing up too fast and becoming sexual too early. Clinicians, parents and teachers all demand something must be done. Does this out-of-time development indicate that children's futures are at risk or that we are entering a new era of environmental and social perturbation? Engaging with a diverse range of contemporary feminist and social theories on the body, biology and sex, Celia Roberts urges us to refuse a discourse of crisis and to rethink puberty as a combination of biological, psychological and social forces\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Weight Loss Differentially Impacts Sex Hormones in Women and Men With Type 2 Diabetes: Look AHEAD Sex Hormone Study
Despite sex differences in type 2 diabetes (T2D), few studies have examined the role of sex hormones. We sought to assess the impact of weight loss, the cornerstone of T2D management, on sex hormone levels.
This was an ancillary study to the Look AHEAD (Action for Health In Diabetes) Study [n = 850 postmenopausal females, n = 890 males, with T2D and body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2]. We measured total testosterone (T), estradiol (E2), and SHBG and calculated bioavailable T (bioT). We examined the effect of the intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) on hormone changes and whether changes were mediated by waist circumference and sex differences in treatment effect.
The baseline mean age was 60 years with a higher proportion of Black females (21%) vs males (9%) and higher mean BMI in females vs males (36.3 vs 34.8 kg/m2). At year 1 in females, ILI decreased E2 by 15% and bioT by 13% and increased SHBG by 21%. At year 1 in males, ILI did not change E2 levels but increased T by 14% and increased SHBG by 18%. The effect was attenuated over 4 years; there were statistically significant sex differences in treatment effect and change in waist circumference due to ILI at year 1 was a significant mediator of sex hormone changes.
Weight loss in T2D resulted in sex hormone changes, which varied by sex and were mediated by changes in waist circumference. Changes in sex hormones due to weight loss in T2D should be considered in the context of an individual's health risks, including cardiovascular conditions, bone health, menopausal symptoms, and cognitive function.
Journal Article
Hormonal : the hidden intelligence of hormones : how they drive desire, shape relationships, influence our choices, and make us wiser
Examines the biological processes that so profoundly influence our behavior and sets forth a radical new understanding of women's bodies, minds, and sexual relationships, one that embraces hormonal cycles as adaptive solutions to genuine biological challenges.
Book
The Menopause Transition: Signs, Symptoms, and Management Options
Abstract
Context
Menopause, the permanent cessation of menses, reflects oocyte depletion and loss of gonadal steroids. It is preceded by a transition state, the perimenopause, which is characterized by the gradual loss of oocytes, altered responsiveness to gonadal steroid feedback, wide hormonal fluctuations, and irregular menstrual patterns. The goal of this mini-review is to discuss the basic pathophysiology of the menopausal transition and the hormonal and nonhormonal management of clinicopathology attributed to it.
Evidence Acquisition
A Medline search of epidemiologic, population-based studies, and studies of reproductive physiology was conducted. A total of 758 publications were screened.
Evidence Synthesis
The reproductive hormonal milieu of the menopausal transition precipitates bothersome vasomotor symptoms, mood disruption, temporary cognitive dysfunction, genitourinary symptoms, and other disease processes that reduce the quality of life of affected women. The endocrine tumult of the menopause transition also exposes racial and socioeconomic disparities in the onset, severity, and frequency of symptoms. Hormone therapy (HT) treatment can be effective for perimenopausal symptoms but its use has been stymied by concerns about health risks observed in postmenopausal HT users who are older than 60 and/or women who have been postmenopausal for greater than 10 years.
Conclusions
The menopause transition is a disruptive process that can last for over a decade and causes symptoms in a majority of women. It is important for clinicians to recognize early signs and symptoms of the transition and be prepared to offer treatment to mitigate these symptoms. Many safe and effective options, including HT, are available.
Journal Article
In the flo : unlock your hormonal advantage and revolutionize your life
\"A biohacking program for women, teaching them how to use their natural 28-day cycle to optimize their time, diet, fitness, work, and relationships. Presents a 4-week solution to manage energy and time according to female biochemistry. By working with each phase, you'll support your hormones, unlock peak creativity and performance, and avoid burnout. You'll know exactly when to eat certain foods, clear your social calendar, or ask for a raise--and you'll have the tools to do so. Includes meal plans and recipes for each phase; carts for phase-specific exercises, work tasks, and relationship activities; a daily planner that helps you align with your strengths in each phase; and a biohacking toolkit for navigating period problems and hormonal birth control.\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
A whole-food, plant-based randomized controlled trial in metastatic breast cancer: weight, cardiometabolic, and hormonal outcomes
Purpose
Breast cancer treatment is associated with weight gain, and obesity and its related cardiometabolic and hormonal risk factors have been associated with poorer outcomes. Dietary intervention may address these risk factors, but limited research has been done in the setting of metastatic breast cancer requiring systemic therapy.
Methods
Women with metastatic breast cancer on stable treatment were randomized 2:1 to an 8-week intervention (
n
= 21) or control (
n
= 11). The intervention included weekly assessment visits and an ad libitum whole-food, plant-based (WFPB) diet with provided meals. Cardiometabolic, hormonal, and cancer markers were assessed at baseline, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks.
Results
Within the intervention group, mean weight decreased by 6.6% (
p
< 0.01) after 8 weeks. Fasting insulin decreased from 16.8 uIU/L to 11.2 uIU/L (
p
< 0.01), concurrent with significantly reduced insulin resistance. Total cholesterol decreased from 193.6 mg/dL to 159 mg/dL (
p
< 0.01), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol decreased from 104.6 mg/dL to 82.2 mg/dL (
p
< 0.01). Total testosterone was unchanged, but free testosterone trended lower within the intervention group (
p
= 0.08) as sex hormone binding globulin increased from 74.3 nmol/L to 98.2 nmol/L (
p
< 0.01). There were no significant differences in cancer progression markers at week 8, although mean CA 15-3, CA 27.29, and CEA were lower in the intervention group (
p
= 0.53,
p
= 0.23, and
p
= 0.54, respectively) compared to control, when adjusted for baseline.
Conclusion
WFPB dietary changes during treatment for metastatic breast cancer are well tolerated and significantly improve weight, cardiometabolic and hormonal parameters. Longer studies are warranted to assess the durability of changes.
Trial registration
First registered at Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03045289) on February 7, 2017.
Journal Article
Role of sex hormone-binding globulin in the free hormone hypothesis and the relevance of free testosterone in androgen physiology
According to the free hormone hypothesis, biological activity of a certain hormone is best reflected by free rather than total hormone concentrations. A crucial element in this theory is the presence of binding proteins, which function as gatekeepers for steroid action. For testosterone, tissue exposure is governed by a delicate equilibrium between free and total testosterone which is determined through interaction with the binding proteins sex hormone-binding globulin and albumin. Ageing, genetics and various pathological conditions influence this equilibrium, hereby possibly modulating hormonal exposure to the target tissues. Despite ongoing controversy on the subject, strong evidence from recent in vitro, in vivo and human experiments emphasizes the relevance of free testosterone. Currently, however, clinical possibilities for free hormone diagnostics are limited. Direct immunoassays are inaccurate, while gold standard liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) coupled equilibrium dialysis is not available for clinical routine. Calculation models for free testosterone, despite intrinsic limitations, provide a suitable alternative, of which the Vermeulen calculator is currently the preferred method. Calculated free testosterone is indeed associated with bone health, frailty and other clinical endpoints. Moreover, the added value of free testosterone in the clinical diagnosis of male hypogonadism is clearly evident. In suspected hypogonadal men in whom borderline low total testosterone and/or altered sex hormone-binding globulin levels are detected, the determination of free testosterone avoids under- and overdiagnosis, facilitating adequate prescription of hormonal replacement therapy. As such, free testosterone should be integrated as a standard biochemical parameter, on top of total testosterone, in the diagnostic workflow of male hypogonadism.
Journal Article
Gender-Specific Impact of Sex Hormones on the Immune System
Sex hormones are key determinants of gender-related differences and regulate growth and development during puberty. They also exert a broad range modulation of immune cell functions, and a dichotomy exists in the immune response between the sexes. Both clinical and animal models have demonstrated that androgens, estrogens, and progestogens mediate many of the gender-specific differences in immune responses, from the susceptibility to infectious diseases to the prevalence of autoimmune disorders. Androgens and progestogens mainly promote immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory effects, whereas estrogens enhance humoral immunity both in men and in women. This study summarizes the available evidence regarding the physiological effects of sex hormones on human immune cell function and the underlying biological mechanisms, focusing on gender differences triggered by different amounts of androgens between males and females.
Journal Article