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"Horse drawn vehicles"
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Equine cranial morphology and the identification of riding and chariotry in late Bronze Age Mongolia
The adoption of the horse for chariots, wagons and riding had a major impact on human societies, but it has proved difficult to reliably identify early domesticated horses in the archaeological record. This comparative study of equine palaeopathology addresses the problem by analysing wild and domestic horses used for traction or riding. Osteological changes to the skull appear to be the result of mechanical and physiological stress from the use of horses for transport. The results are applied to archaeological examples from the Deer Stone-Khirigsuur Complex of Bronze Age Mongolia (1300–700 BC) and show that those horses were probably bridled and used for transport.
Journal Article
Analytical Investigations of XIX–XX Century Paints: The Study of Two Vehicles from the Museum for Communications of Frankfurt
Over the centuries, humans have developed different systems to protect surfaces from the influence of environmental factors. Protective paints are the most used ones. They have undergone considerable development over the years, especially at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. Indeed, between the two centuries, new binders and pigments have been introduced in the constituent materials of paints. The years in which these compounds have been introduced and spread in the paint market allow them to be defined as markers for the dating of paints and painted artifacts. The present work is focused on the study of the paints of two vehicles of the Frankfurt Museum of Communication, i.e., a carriage and a cart, that was designed for the German Postal and Telecommunications Service roughly between 1880 and 1920. The characterization of the paints was performed through in situ non-invasive techniques, i.e., portable optical microscopy and multispectral imaging, and laboratory non-destructive techniques, i.e., FT-IR ATR spectroscopy and SEM-EDS. The analytical investigation and the comparison with the data reported in the literature allowed us to determine the historicity of the paints, which are all dated before the 1950s.
Journal Article
Investigating Injury Outcomes of Horse-and-Buggy Crashes in Rural Michigan by Mining Crash Reports Using NLP and CNN Algorithms
Horse-and-buggy transportation, vital for many rural communities and the Amish population, has been largely overlooked in safety research. This study examines the characteristics and injury severity of horse-and-buggy roadway crashes in Michigan’s rural areas. Detailed crash data are essential for safety studies, as crash scene descriptions are mainly found in narratives and diagrams. However, extracting and utilizing this information from traffic reports is challenging. This research tackles these challenges using image-processing and text-mining techniques to analyze crash diagrams and narratives. The study employs the AlexNet convolutional neural network (CNN) to identify and extract horse-and-buggy crashes, analyzing (2020–2023) Michigan UD-10 rural crash reports. Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques also identified primary risk factors from crash narratives, analyzing single-word patterns (“unigrams”) and sequences of three consecutive words (“trigrams”). The findings emphasize the risks involved in horse-and-buggy interactions on rural roadways and highlight various contributing factors to the severity of these crashes, including distracted or careless actions by motorists, nighttime visibility issues, and failure to yield, especially by elderly drivers. This study suggests prioritizing horse-and-buggy riders in road safety and public health programs and recommends comprehensive measures that could significantly reduce crash incidence and severity, improving overall safety in Michigan’s rural areas, including better signage, driver education, and community outreach. Also, the study highlights the potential of advanced image-processing techniques in traffic safety research that could lead to more precise and actionable findings, enhancing road safety for all users.
Journal Article
An Assessment of Horse-Drawn Vehicle Incidents from U.S. News Media Reports within AgInjuryNews
Some old-order Anabaptist communities rely on animal-drawn vehicles for transportation and farm work. This research examines reports involving horse-drawn vehicles found in the AgInjuryNews dataset, which provides a publicly accessible collection of agricultural injury reports primarily gathered from news media. The goals of this research are to characterize the reports and to compare results with previous research to assess the utility of using AgInjuryNews to examine horse-drawn vehicle incidents. A total of 38 reports representing 83 victims were identified. Chi-square tests comparing victim and incident traits for fatal and nonfatal injuries were significant for the victim’s role in the incident, vehicle type, presence of a motor vehicle, rear-ending by a motor vehicle, spooked horses, a victim being run over or struck by a vehicle, and a victim being ejected or falling from a vehicle. Additional analysis of incidents involving horse-drawn farm equipment showed that a significantly higher proportion of off-road incidents were fatal compared to on-road incidents. The proportion of fatal injuries in the AgInjuryNews dataset was approximately 10 times higher than observed in a study using Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (DOT) data. Compared to previous research, the AgInjuryNews reports contained a higher proportion of incidents where a motor vehicle rear-ended a horse-drawn vehicle, and fewer cases of horse-drawn vehicles being struck by motor vehicles while crossing or entering a main road and making left turns. Reports of buggy crashes found in AgInjuryNews differed from those found in a Nexis Uni search in that the bulk of the articles from Nexis Uni referred to cases involving criminal charges for impaired driving or hit-and-run crashes. While it is evident that the reports included in the sample are incidents that media sources find compelling rather than comprehensive injury surveillance, it is possible to gain new insights using the AgInjuryNews reports.
Journal Article
Development and Research Status of Road Cleaning Vehicle
Road cleaning vehicle is efficient cleaning equipment. It integrates road cleaning, garbage recycling and removing. This paper introduces the research background of road cleaning vehicles briefly. Then it summarizes the representative products of road cleaning vehicles, and analyzes the current status of technology development. At present, the multifunctional cleaning car on the market has the functions of suction and sweeping combination, no need to spray water, dust suppression, full filtration, purification and emission. Some companies even integrate advanced technologies such as automatic driving and intelligent identification. Finally, it predicts that the road cleaning vehicle will be developed in intelligence and environmental protection.
Journal Article
