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\"In an effort to get their rightful due as producers, the young women and men who worked in the hosiery mills of Kensington, the working class heart of Philadelphia, organized the American Federation of Full-Fashioned Hosiery Workers (AFFFHW), a movement that swept Philadelphia and eventually had a significant impact on the creation of the Congress of Industrial Organizations, the New Deal, and labor feminism. In the first history of this remarkable union, Sharon McConnell-Sidorick tells the story of how radical socialist unionists explicitly tapped into Jazz Age culture to build a militant youth movement whose young men and women continued dancing, partying, and flouting Prohibition while at the same time attending labor education sessions and engaging in battles with police\"-- Provided by publisher.

SIGNAL is a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 study (no. NCT02481674) established to evaluate pepinemab, a semaphorin 4D (SEMA4D)-blocking antibody, for treatment of Huntington’s disease (HD). The trial enrolled a total of 265 HD gene expansion carriers with either early manifest (EM, n  = 179) or late prodromal (LP, n  = 86) HD, randomized (1:1) to receive 18 monthly infusions of pepinemab ( n  = 91 EM, 41 LP) or placebo ( n  = 88 EM, 45 LP). Pepinemab was generally well tolerated, with a relatively low frequency of serious treatment-emergent adverse events of 5% with pepinemab compared to 9% with placebo, including both EM and LP participants. Coprimary efficacy outcome measures consisted of assessments within the EM cohort of (1) a two-item HD cognitive assessment family comprising one-touch stockings of Cambridge (OTS) and paced tapping (PTAP) and (2) clinical global impression of change (CGIC). The differences between pepinemab and placebo in mean change (95% confidence interval) from baseline at month 17 for OTS were −1.98 (−4.00, 0.05) (one-sided P  = 0.028), and for PTAP 1.43 (−0.37, 3.23) (one-sided P  = 0.06). Similarly, because a significant treatment effect was not observed for CGIC, the coprimary endpoint, the study did not meet its prespecified primary outcomes. Nevertheless, a number of other positive outcomes and post hoc subgroup analyses—including additional cognitive measures and volumetric magnetic resonance imaging and fluorodeoxyglucose–positron-emission tomography imaging assessments—provide rationale and direction for the design of a phase 3 study and encourage the continued development of pepinemab in patients diagnosed with EM HD. The SIGNAL Phase 2 study of pepinemab immunotherapy in early Huntington’s disease (HD) did not meet its coprimary clinical efficacy endpoints, but had a favorable safety profile and showed a significant treatment-related reduction in caudate brain atrophy and reversal of the characteristic decline in brain metabolic activity that is typical of HD progression.

Bicycle helmets are designed to attenuate both the linear and rotational response of the head during an oblique impact. Here we sought to quantify how the effectiveness of one popular rotation-attenuating system (MIPS) varied across 3 test headform conditions (bare, covered in stockings, and hair), 3 oblique impact orientations, and 4 impact speeds. We conducted 72 freefall drop tests of a single helmet model with and without MIPS onto a 45° angled anvil and measured the peak linear (PLA) and angular acceleration (PAA) and computed the angular velocity change (PAV) and brain injury criterion (BrIC). Across all headform conditions, MIPS reduced PAA and PAV by 38.2 and 33.2% respectively during X-axis rotation, 47.4 and 38.1% respectively during Y-axis rotation, and 22.9 and 20.5% during a combined ZY-axis rotation. Across all impact orientations, PAA was reduced by 39% and PAV by 32.4% with the bare headform while adding stockings reduced PAA and PAV by 41.6 and 36% respectively and the hair condition reduced PAA and PAV by 30.2 and 24.4% respectively. In addition, our data reveal the importance of using consistent headform conditions when evaluating the effect of helmet systems designed to attenuate head rotations during oblique impacts.

This qualitative study aimed to describe users’ experiences and needs related to wearing, donning, and doffing compression hosiery, and the provision process of compression hosiery and associated assistive products for donning and doffing. Adults who have been advised to wear compression hosiery participated in semi-structured interviews. Existing frameworks about the provision process and acceptance of assistive technology guided the topic list. The interviews were analyzed using directed content analysis. After 19 interviews, data saturation was reached. Three main themes were revealed: (1) becoming and being a compression hosiery wearer (or not), (2) wearing compression hosiery, and (3) donning and doffing compression hosiery. In cases of acute conditions, the participants reported feeling overwhelmed when they were first prescribed compression hosiery. In contrast, those with long-term complaints felt relieved. Participants considered advantages and disadvantages and then decided whether to wear compression hosiery. Despite mentioned beneficial effects from wearing compression hosiery, participants had to cope with a range of discomforts, including pinching, straining, sagging, and heat. Additionally, participants had difficulties with the appearance, and often tried to hide the compression hosiery. They mentioned problems with donning and doffing, which can result in dependency of home or informal care, which stopped some participants from wearing. In general, participants were not aware of the full range of assistive products for donning and doffing, but were interested in them. In conclusion, wearing compression hosiery has a large impact on a person’s life because of its lack of comfort, unattractive appearance, and possible loss of independence through the need of donning and doffing support. These are expressed reasons for non-adherence, in addition to a lack of understanding of the importance of wearing and the consequences of not wearing compression hosiery. Easy-to-find independent information and more attention to donning and doffing during the fitting appointment of compression hosiery are recommended.

Cellulite affects 80-90% of post-pubertal females and, although cosmetic, has proven adverse psychological effects. A new compression garment with patented \"vari-pad\" technology has been developed, aiming to stimulate lymphatic return from the buttocks and thighs. The primary aim of this small pilot study was to assess participant satisfaction after using this garment in the short term and secondarily, to look for any objective improvements.BackgroundCellulite affects 80-90% of post-pubertal females and, although cosmetic, has proven adverse psychological effects. A new compression garment with patented \"vari-pad\" technology has been developed, aiming to stimulate lymphatic return from the buttocks and thighs. The primary aim of this small pilot study was to assess participant satisfaction after using this garment in the short term and secondarily, to look for any objective improvements.Eighteen female participants (mean 47.5y, range 26-60) completed the study. There were 2 weeks of \"stabilisation\", 4 weeks of wearing the garment, and 2 weeks of further assessment. With the initial assessment, there were 9 visits for each participant. At each visit, weight, participant satisfaction (0-10), 3D images (Canfield, USA) and transcutaneous water content (LymphScanner, Delfin Technologies, Finland) and comfort (0-10) were recorded.MethodsEighteen female participants (mean 47.5y, range 26-60) completed the study. There were 2 weeks of \"stabilisation\", 4 weeks of wearing the garment, and 2 weeks of further assessment. With the initial assessment, there were 9 visits for each participant. At each visit, weight, participant satisfaction (0-10), 3D images (Canfield, USA) and transcutaneous water content (LymphScanner, Delfin Technologies, Finland) and comfort (0-10) were recorded.There was no significant weight change in any of the participants during the trial period. After 4 weeks of wearing the garment, there was a significant improvement in participant satisfaction of their cellulite (n = 15, p = 0.0036) with a mean improvement of 18.5%. 3D image analysis of dimple volume showed no significant change in buttock cellulite, a significant decrease in left thigh cellulite (n = 17, p = 0.0123), but not on the right (n = 14, p = 0.6890). There was a significant decrease of localised water (n = 36, p = 0.0041). Comfort was 86% (range 40-100%) and there were no adverse reactions to the garment.ResultsThere was no significant weight change in any of the participants during the trial period. After 4 weeks of wearing the garment, there was a significant improvement in participant satisfaction of their cellulite (n = 15, p = 0.0036) with a mean improvement of 18.5%. 3D image analysis of dimple volume showed no significant change in buttock cellulite, a significant decrease in left thigh cellulite (n = 17, p = 0.0123), but not on the right (n = 14, p = 0.6890). There was a significant decrease of localised water (n = 36, p = 0.0041). Comfort was 86% (range 40-100%) and there were no adverse reactions to the garment.The vari-padded compression garment produced a significant improvement in participant satisfaction after just 4 weeks of treatment. Objective measurements failed to show a significant difference in cellulite on the buttocks but showed a significant improvement in the thighs by analysis of both dimple volumes and reduced transcutaneous water measurements. Further study is suggested to demonstrate if longer timeframes for use of the apparel will lead to further significant improvement in the appearance of cellulite.ConclusionThe vari-padded compression garment produced a significant improvement in participant satisfaction after just 4 weeks of treatment. Objective measurements failed to show a significant difference in cellulite on the buttocks but showed a significant improvement in the thighs by analysis of both dimple volumes and reduced transcutaneous water measurements. Further study is suggested to demonstrate if longer timeframes for use of the apparel will lead to further significant improvement in the appearance of cellulite.NCT05748678.NCT NumberNCT05748678.

The study aims to explore the comprehensive reasons for patients' non-compliance with graded elastic compression stockings (GECS) as the treatment for lower limb varicose veins. Phenomenological analysis was applied in this qualitative study. The patients diagnosed with lower limb varicose veins and undergoing elective surgery who showed non-compliance with GECS as the treatment were invited to have semi-structured, in-depth, face-to-face interviews. Colaizzi method was employed to analyze the data for emerging themes associated with the reasons for patients' non-compliance. Four main themes and nine subthemes related to the reasons for non-compliance with GECS for lower limb varicose veins were summarized. The main themes that emerged were (1) gaps in the knowledge of GECS therapy as a treatment for lower limb varicose veins, (2) few recommendations from the doctors and nurses, (3) disadvantages of GECS, and (4) sociopsychological factors. These themes provide data for policy and planning to improve patients' compliance with GECS in China. Patients, healthcare professionals, and policy makers should share the responsibility to improve patients' compliance with GECS therapy.

Varicose veins affect one-third of Western society, with a significant subset of patients developing venous ulceration, costing $14.9 billion annually in the USA. Current management consists of either compression stockings, or surgical ablation for more advanced disease. Most varicose veins patients report a positive family history, and heritability is ~17%. We describe the largest two-stage genome-wide association study of varicose veins in 401,656 individuals from UK Biobank, and replication in 408,969 individuals from 23andMe (total 135,514 cases and 675,111 controls). Forty-nine signals at 46 susceptibility loci were discovered. We map 237 genes to these loci, several of which are biologically plausible and tractable to therapeutic targeting. Pathway analysis identified enrichment in extracellular matrix biology, inflammation, (lymph)angiogenesis, vascular smooth muscle cell migration, and apoptosis. Using a polygenic risk score (PRS) derived in an independent cohort, we demonstrate its predictive utility and correlation with varicose veins surgery. Although varicose veins are a common condition, the genetic basis is not well understood. Here, the authors find genetic variants associated with varicose veins and show that a higher polygenic risk score for varicose veins correlates with a greater likelihood of patients undergoing surgical treatment.

Elastic knitted fabrics find numerous applications in the industry for compression stockings, sports and leisure wear, swimwear, ballet wear, etc. During its use, knitwear is subjected to dynamic loading due to body movements. The loading and unloading of the knitted fabric affect the size of the elastic region in which unrecovered deformation completely disappears. This paper deals with the influence of the elastane percentage in the knitted fabric on the elastic properties of the knitted fabric under dynamic loading. For this experiment, three types of yarn were used in different combinations: polyamide (PA), wrapped elastane yarn and bare elastane. The mentioned yarns were used to knit three different groups of plated weft-knitted fabrics (two yarns in a knitted fabric row): without elastane, knitted fabric with a percentage of wrapped elastane, and knitted fabric with a percentage of bare elastane. The percentage of elastane ranged between 0% and 43%. First, standard uniaxial tensile tests were performed on knitted fabric samples until breakage under static load. The force–elongation diagrams obtained are used to determine the elastic limit up to which Hook’s law applies. All knitted fabrics were cyclically tested to the elastic limit. From the obtained loading and unloading curves, unrecovered deformation (unrecovered elongation), elastic elongation and hysteresis index were determined and calculated. The results showed that the percentage of elastane significantly affects the size of the elastic region of the knitted fabric and has no effect on the hysteresis index. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the elastane percentage for different knitted fabric designs to achieve the best dynamic recovery of the knitted fabric and to design a more stretchable knitted garment that fits the body as well as possible.

During the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, there have been suggestions that various techniques could be employed to improve the fit and, therefore, the effectiveness of face masks. It is well recognized that improving fit tends to improve mask effectiveness, but whether these fit modifiers are reliable remains unexplored. In this study, we assess a range of common \"fit hacks\" to determine their ability to improve mask performance. Between July and September 2020, qualitative fit testing was performed in an indoor living space. We used quantitative fit testing to assess the fit of both surgical masks and KN95 masks, with and without 'fit hacks', on four participants. Seven fit hacks were evaluated to assess impact on fit. Additionally, one participant applied each fit hack multiple times to assess how reliable hacks were when reapplied. A convenience of four participants took part in the study, three females and one male with a head circumference range of 54 to 60 centimetres. The use of pantyhose, tape, and rubber bands were effective for most participants. A pantyhose overlayer was observed to be the most effective hack. High degrees of variation were noted between participants. However, little variation was noted within participants, with hacks generally showing similar benefit each time they were applied on a single participant. An inspection of the fit hacks once applied showed that individual facial features may have a significant impact on fit, especially the nose bridge. Fit hacks can be used to effectively improve the fit of surgical and KN95 masks, enhancing the protection provided to the wearer. However, many of the most effective hacks are very uncomfortable and unlikely to be tolerated for extended periods of time. The development of effective fit-improvement solutions remains a critical issue in need of further development.

This paper lays out standards of compression stockings and their classification into classes. The analysis of knitted fabric structure parameters, elongation and compression of moderate- and high-compression stockings was conducted. Stocking compression on specific parts of the stocking leg was measured on three sizes of a wooden leg model. For moderate-compression stockings, compression above the ankle was 32 hPa. For high-compression stockings, compression above the ankle was 60 hPa. Both groups of the analyzed compression stockings were made on modern one-cylinder hosiery automats. The legs of the stockings were made in single inlaid jersey 1 + 1. Both yarns were elastane covered. The finer yarn formed loops and its knitting into a course was significantly larger than in the other yarn, which was much coarser and does not form loops but “lay the weft in a bent way”. The smallest elongation of knitted fabric was above the ankle, where the highest compression was achieved, while the largest elongation was under the crotch, where the stocking leg exerted the smallest compression on the surface. The leg of the compression stocking acted as a casing that imposed compression on the leg and often reinforced it to be able to sustain compression loads.