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"Household Income"
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Impacts of farmer cooperative membership on household income and inequality: Evidence from a household survey in China
While joining farmer cooperatives has been identified as a way for farmers, especially small farmers, to overcome their limitations in the marketplace and increase their income, this paper presents an analytical framework for examining how farmer cooperative may increase farmer income in rural China, empirically assesses the impacts of such membership on household income, and examines how the membership may affect income inequality. Data from a large-scale survey of rural households in China are used to examine the impacts of farmer cooperative membership and other factors on household income through a multivariate regression analysis and to test whether the impacts are different across income groups through a quantile regression analysis. The propensity score matching technique is used to address potential self-selection bias problems in the dataset and quantile regression is used to examine the impact for different income quantiles or groups of farmers. The empirical results indicate that farmers participating in professional cooperatives, on average, earned significantly higher income than their counterparts, but the positive impact was not statistically significant for low-income quantiles. This finding suggests that encouraging the development of and participation in farmer cooperatives could increase the average income but may not contribute directly to the policy goal of reducing income inequality in rural China.
Journal Article
Class : a memoir
\"When Stephanie Land set out to write her memoir Maid, she never could have imagined what was to come. Handpicked by President Barack Obama as one of the best books of 2019, it was called \"an eye-opening journey into the lives of the working poor\" (People). Later it was adapted into the hit Netflix series Maid, which was viewed by 67 million households and was Netflix's fourth most-watched show in 2021, garnering three Primetime Emmy Award nominations. Stephanie's escape out of poverty and abuse in search of a better life inspired millions. Maid was a story about a housecleaner, but it was also a story about a woman with a dream. In Class, Land takes us with her as she finishes college and pursues her writing career. Facing barriers at every turn including a byzantine loan system, not having enough money for food, navigating the judgments of professors and fellow students who didn't understand the demands of attending college while under the poverty line--Land finds a way to survive once again, finally graduating in her mid-thirties. Class paints an intimate and heartbreaking portrait of motherhood as it converges and often conflicts with personal desire and professional ambition.\"-- Amazon.com.
Book
Urban–rural gap and regional inequality of local household income in Jiangsu Province, China
This paper examines the update patterns of urban–rural gap and regional inequality within Jiangsu Province from a perspective of local household income. A comprehensive model is proposed to quantitively analyse the contributions of socioeconomic factors to the household income level at local areas. We find the household income level is rising rapidly in Jiangsu Province and the urban–rural gap shows a convergence trend over the past decade. Hotspot analysis indicates the low-income clusters at the north and two high-income clusters at the south. The high-income clustering regions cover Greater Nanjing Area and the Sunan region including Suzhou, Wuxi and Changzhou which are geographically around the Tai Hu Lake. A range of socioeconomic factors play roles in the local household income. Population urbanization is a key variable, and highly educated labour make contributions particularly. Output of the service sector proves a significant correlation, while that of the manufacturing sector is not distinct. Multinational companies can also exert positive effects on the household income level at local areas. Urbanized construction, talents attraction and greater market opening benefit the increase of local household income.
Journal Article
What difference does income make for Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) members in California? Comparing lower-income and higher-income households
In the U.S. there has been considerable interest in connecting low-income households to alternative food networks like Community Supported Agriculture (CSA). To learn more about this possibility we conducted a statewide survey of CSA members in California. A total of 1149 members from 41 CSAs responded. Here we answer the research question: How do CSA members’ (1) socioeconomic and demographic backgrounds, (2) household conditions potentially interfering with membership, and (3) CSA membership experiences vary between lower-income households (LIHHs) and higher-income households (HIHHs)? We divided members into LIHHs (making under $50,000 annually) and HIHHs (making over $50,000 annually). We present comparisons of LIHHs’ and HIHHs’ (1) employment, race/ethnicity, household composition and education, use of food support, and enjoyment of food-related activities; (2) conditions interfering with membership and major life events; and (3) sources of information influencing decision to join, reasons for joining, ratings of importance of and satisfaction with various CSA attributes, gaps between importance of and satisfaction with various CSA attributes, valuing of the share and willingness to pay more, and impacts of membership. We find that LIHHs are committed CSA members, often more so than HIHHs, and that CSA members in California are disproportionately white, but that racial disproportionality decreases as incomes increase. We conclude by considering: (1) the economic risks that LIHHs face in CSA membership, (2) the intersection of economic risks with race/ethnicity and cultural coding in CSA; and (3) the possibilities of increasing participation of LIHH in CSA.
Journal Article
Diet quality of Japanese adults with respect to age, sex, and income level in the National Health and Nutrition Survey, Japan
Although several studies in Western countries show that higher socioeconomic status is associated with higher diet quality, no study has observed this association in Japan. In the current study, we examined the association between diet quality and the combinations of age, sex, and household income, and also compared the dietary intake between diet quality levels according to household income.
Cross-sectional study.
National Health and Nutrition Survey, Japan in 2014.
2785 men and 3215 women.
Higher Japanese Food Guide Spinning Top scores (better diet quality) were observed in older women, especially those with higher household income, whereas lower scores were observed in younger men with lower household income. Those having low quality diet, especially in low income households, had higher odds of not meeting the recommended amounts of the Japanese dietary guidelines, than those having high quality diet.
Diet quality in Japanese adults differed by age and sex as well as by household income level. A different approach to diet quality improvement is needed according to population characteristics including not only age and sex but also social economic status.
Journal Article
Socioeconomic status on survival outcomes in patients with colorectal cancer: a cross-sectional study
Background
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is widely acknowledged as a prevalent malignancy and the second most common cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. The aim of this study was to examine the independent impact of Median Household Income (MHI) on prognosis and survival outcomes in patients with CRC.
Methods
Data from 17 cancer registries of the United States Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program, with follow-up extended until November 2022 was analyzed. A Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the influence of different levels of MHI on survival outcomes among patients with CRC. A total of 761,697 CRC patient records were retrieved from the SEER database.
Results
The Cox regression analysis results indicated that patients with higher MHI exhibited improved overall survival outcomes when compared to those with lower MHI (MMHI: P < 0.001; HMHI: P < 0.001). Regardless of the specific tumor location, gender, stage of CRC, or treatment method, higher MHI is consistently linked to improved survival outcomes. However, this association was not found to be statistically significant among American Indian/Alaska Native (MMHI: P = 0.017; HMHI: P = 0.081), Asian or Pacific Islander (MMHI: P = 0.223; HMHI: P = 0.002) and unmarried or domestic partner patients (MMHI: P = 0.311; HMHI: P = 0.011).
Conclusion
These results emphasize the importance of considering socioeconomic factors, such as income level, in understanding and addressing disparities in survival outcomes of CRC patients.
Journal Article
The Impact of Collective Forestland Tenure Reform on Rural Household Income: The Background of Rural Households’ Divergence
As the direct subject of collective forestland tenure reform, increasing farmers’ income is an important goal of collective forestland tenure reform and the key to sustainable management of forest resources. Based on the survey data of 1276 rural households in 18 counties in 9 provinces, we construct a theoretical analysis framework of the impact of collective forestland tenure reform on household income from the perspective of rural household differentiation and elucidate the mechanism of the effect of collective forestland tenure reform on household income in the context of the rural household differentiation. The results of the empirical analysis show that, firstly, the collective forestland tenure reform significantly increases the total income, forestry income, and off-farm income of rural households, but the effect of income increase differs significantly among different groups of rural households with different income levels, showing the characteristic of “benefitting the rich more than the poor”. Secondly, as rural household differentiation deepens, there is a moderating effect of rural household differentiation in the income-raising effect of collective forestland tenure reform, i.e., collective forestland tenure reform has a stronger marginal effect on the forestry income of shallowly differentiated rural households and a weaker marginal effect on their off-farm income compared to deeply differentiated rural households. Finally, the income increase effect of collective forestland tenure reform shows significant situational dependence in both forestland operation scale and human capital endowment. The income-raising effect of collective forestland tenure reform is stronger for forestry income of large operation scale farmers, while it is stronger for off-farm income of small operation scale farmers; the income-raising effect of collective forestland tenure reform is stronger for farmers with high quantity and quality human capital endowment than for farmers with low quantity and quality human capital endowment. Therefore, this paper attempts to provide a policy adjustment idea to deepen the policies related to collective forestland tenure reform by starting from the farmer differentiation side.
Journal Article
Does Ecotourism in Nature Reserves Have an Impact on Farmers’ Income? Counterfactual Estimates Based on Propensity Score Matching
Farmers’ participation in ecological tourism management in nature reserves is an important way to increase income. Based on 921 pieces of household survey data from 44 villages in six nature reserves in Liaoning Province, this paper uses multiple linear regression (OLS) and propensity score matching (PSM) to explore the impact of ecotourism on rural household income. The research results show that (1) a total of 90 rural households participated in ecotourism management, accounting for 9.78% of the total, and 831 rural households did not participate in ecotourism management, accounting for 90.22% of the total. The participation rate of farmers around the nature reserves was not high; (2) the participation in ecotourism management of farmers around the nature reserve has a positive and significant impact on the per capita annual net income of their households; and (3) multiple linear regression analysis will overestimate the income effect of ecotourism. This article provides inspiration for the government to propose relevant policies to encourage farmers to participate in ecotourism.
Journal Article
Heterogeneity in the Impact of Economic Cycles and the Great Recession: Effects within and across the Income Distribution
In this paper, we examine the effects of economic cycles on low-to moderate-income families. We use variation across states and over time to estimate the effects of cycles on the distribution of income, using fine gradations of the household income-to-poverty ratio. We also explore how the effects of cycles affect the risk of falling into poverty across demographic groups, focusing on age, race/ethnicity, and family type. We conclude by testing to see whether these relationships have changed in the Great Recession. We discuss the results in light of the changes in the social safety net in recent decades.
Journal Article