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Raymond Pearl (1879–1940) was a significant figure in the field of biology. He founded the journal Human Biology and almost single-handedly promoted and established the scientific discipline of human biology. His scientific versatility was one of his most important features during the first four decades of the 20th century, and he played a major role in developing the fields of biodemography, human population biology, human life-cycle and life span approaches, fertility, growth, the biology of longevity and senescence, and mortality. He was one of the earliest biologists to combine biometric analyses and experimental studies to explore the dimensions of human biology. Pearl also was broadly educated in the arts, music, literature, history, the classics, and science. His writing was sophisticated and often witty, and his views were sometimes provocative and controversial. His network of colleagues and friends among the literary and science worlds was substantial. The following biographical memoir of Raymond Pearl is designed to commemorate the 80th anniversary of the founding of his journal Human Biology and is a tribute to this great scientist. Pearl's sudden death at age 61 truncated a scientific career that was one of the most productive of the 20th century.

Traditional histories of forensic anthropology focus on key figures, events, and/or publications within a larger narrative of disciplinary formation and expansion. These histories typically highlight individuals such as Thomas Dwight or institutions such as the Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum of Natural History. This project represents an interdisciplinary collaboration with the goal of shedding new light onto the origins of forensic anthropology in the United States. By pulling from a number of published scholarly sources, as well as some unpublished correspondence, this project expands upon the more established historical events concerning the history of forensic anthropology. Here we argue that the origins of contemporary forensic anthropology not only trace back to the work of Wilton Krogman but that Krogman’s forensic anthropology must be understood through the life and work of his mentor, T. Wingate Todd, as well as the Hamann-Todd Collection, early efforts toward personal identification of human skeletal remains, and a complex amalgamation of US and UK influences that Krogman was exposed to through Todd’s mentorship efforts.

Intentionally modified teeth provide a durable record of past identities, but their identification in archaeological samples has been inconsistent. This study assesses common diagnostic criteria for identifying intentional dental ablation by testing for false-positive cases of ablation in a control group of non-human primates where no true cases of dental ablation are expected. The primary author observed the dentition of 849 non-human primates from the National Museum of Natural History’s Division of Mammals, including great apes, lesser apes, and relatively large-bodied, Old-World monkeys. A smaller sample was selected for further study based on antemortem tooth absence and collection history. Seven different methodologies using combinations of six diagnostic criteria for the identification of dental ablation were chosen from a sample of published studies. To determine which criteria combinations may have falsely identified dental ablation in these specimens were, the non-human primate control group was analyzed based on anterior tooth loss, lack of disease, symmetry of loss, full healing of the alveolus, lack of evidence for trauma, and normal tooth spacing. All scoring methodologies produced false-positive results, many diverging significantly from expected results. Dental ablation was falsely identified in 2–17% of the non-human primate control group, with the highest false-positive rates when symmetry or normal spacing were not included as discriminating criteria. This work demonstrates the necessity for thorough and descriptive methodologies for replicability to be possible. It also highlights the importance of symmetry and tooth spacing as diagnostic criteria to avoid false positives.   Dientes con modificaciones intencionales dan un registro duradero de identidades pasadas, pero su identificación en especímenes arqueológicos ha sido inconsistente. Esta investigación evalúa los criterios de diagnóstico comunes para identificar la ablación dental intencional por medio de la prueba de casos de falsos positivos de ablación en un grupo de control de primates no humanos, donde no se esperan casos verdaderos de ablación dental. El autor principal observó la dentición de 849 primates no humanos de la División de Mamíferos del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, incluso los grandes simios, los simios menores y los monos del Viejo Mundo de cuerpo relativamente grande. Se seleccionó una muestra para un análisis más profundo basado en la ausencia de dientes antemortem y la historia del espécimen. De una muestra de once investigaciones publicada, se eligieron siete metodologías diferentes que utilizan combinaciones de seis criterios de diagnóstico para la identificación de la ablación dental. Para determinar qué combinaciones de criterios pueden haber identificado falsamente la ablación dental en estos especímenes si fueran humanos, se analizó el grupo de control de primates no humanos en función de la pérdida de dientes anteriores, la falta de enfermedad, la simetría de la ausencia de dientes, la curación completa del hueso alveolar, la falta de evidencia para traumatismos y el espacio normal entre los dientes. Todos los métodos de análisis produjeron resultados falsos positivos, muchos de los Dientes con modificaciones intencionales dan un registro duradero de identidades pasadas, pero su identificación en especímenes arqueológicos ha sido inconsistente. Esta investigación evalúa los criterios de diagnóstico comunes para identificar la ablación dental intencional por medio de la prueba de casos de falsos positivos de ablación en un grupo de control de primates no humanos, donde no se esperan casos verdaderos de ablación dental. El autor principal observó la dentición de 849 primates no humanos de la División de Mamíferos del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, incluso los grandes simios, los simios menores y los monos del Viejo Mundo de cuerpo relativamente grande. Se seleccionó una muestra para un análisis más profundo basado en la ausencia de dientes antemortem y la historia del espécimen. De una muestra de once investigaciones publicada, se eligieron siete metodologías diferentes que utilizan combinaciones de seis criterios de diagnóstico para la identificación de la ablación dental. Para determinar qué combinaciones de criterios pueden haber identificado falsamente la ablación dental en estos especímenes si fueran humanos, se analizó el grupo de control de primates no humanos en función de la pérdida de dientes anteriores, la falta de enfermedad, la simetría de la ausencia de dientes, la curación completa del hueso alveolar, la falta de evidencia para traumatismos y el espacio normal entre los dientes. Todos los métodos de análisis produjeron resultados falsos positivos, muchos de los 2–17% del grupo de control de primates no humanos, con las tasas más altas de falsos positivos cuando la simetría o el espacio normal no se incluyeron como criterios de discriminación. Este trabajo demuestra la necesidad de metodologías exhaustivas y descriptivas para la replicabilidad. También ilumina la importancia de la simetría y el espacio entre dientes como criterios diagnósticos para evitar falsos positivos.

In this paper we present an overview of an increasingly global community of physical (biological) anthropologists as it pertains to the study of living human variation (human biology) and as it is represented in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology (AJPA), focusing especially on the period of 2001-2007, when Clark Spencer Larsen served as editor in chief. The journal was founded by Ales Hrdlicka in order to provide professional identity of physical (biological) anthropology as practiced in the United States. By the mid-twentieth century, the journal editorship under T. Dale Stewart called for greater presence of international research collaboration and publication in AJPA. By 1960, international collaboration and non-U.S. authorship began to have significant presence in the journal, a pattern that has continued to the present. As in the pre-2000 period, although non-US contributions cover all major topics in human biology, they tend to focus on population genetics and population history. For the period of 2001-2007, there is an increased presence of multinational collaborative research and non-US authorship, a trend that will likely increase. The recent rise in non-US submissions and authorship is due in large part to increased international collaboration and electronic access to the submission process. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]

Physical anthropologist Aleš Hrdlička is often remembered as an institutional and political opponent of Franz Boas and as an advocate of racial typology against which the Boasian antiracialist position in American anthropology developed. I argue that Hrdlička nonetheless also has more subtle lessons to offer about the political limits of Boasian antiracism. Examining Hrdlička's engagement with the politics of Europe and East Asia from the 1920s to the 1940s, particularly with the intellectual grounding of Japanese imperialism, I suggest that he was perhaps uniquely cognizant of a \"second problem of race in the world\"—the racist assimilationism of the Japanese empire—vis-à-vis the Boasian grasp of race, rooted in a response to U.S. and Nazi racisms, as a category of invidious difference. Moreover, I contend that the lacuna that Hrdlička helps us identify has continued to haunt the discipline at certain key moments of Boasian critique of other ideological forces.

In this article the author uses tribalography as a methodology and connects multiple elements in a textual weaving that constructs an Anishinaabe tribalography. As an Anishinaabe tribalography, this work will follow in the tradition set forth by Gerald Vizenor and Gordon Henry, who, as Kimberly Blaeser asserts, \"shift and reshift their stories' perspectives, turn the tables of historical events, unmask the stereotypes and racial poses, challenge the status of history's heroes and emerge somewhere between the probable and the possible, in some border area of narrative.\" Likewise, the author hopes this tribalography will \"incite the reader to an imaginative reevaluation of both the accounts and processes of history.\" This article explores the varied ways in which the Anishinaabeg of White Earth defined themselves during the early twentieth century. It consists of two primary parts. In part 1 the author goes beyond the \"facts\" in order to enliven the (hi)story, to offer an alternative way of remembering the past. In this section the author has created several characters and collapsed events, but she draws heavily on historical interviews. The author uses many direct quotes in the interview section; all the statements that she has copied word for word from a document in the Ransom Judd Powell Papers have been italicized. It is the author's goal to immerse the reader in a story that extends beyond history. This section also includes historical photographs that provide an additional element of framework for the construction of the tribalography. The subheadings in part 1 are taken from \"A Concise Dictionary of Minnesota Ojibwe\" by John D. Nichols and Earl Nyholm. In part 2 the author provides a traditional academic presentation of the \"facts,\" including details about federal and state legislation as well as an academic analysis of the interviews. The two parts of this story create a weaving; by pulling together a wide variety of sources, including primary documents, secondary sources, and the works of other storytellers, the author has tried to create something new. (Contains 9 figures and 58 notes.)

The \"running-on-all-fours\" pattern is defined and contrasted to other forms of locomotion using all four limbs. Ales Hrdlicka's work on locomotion on hands and feet is discussed.