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"Human Genome Project History."
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Human Genome Project: Twenty-five years of big biology
The Human Genome Project, which launched a quarter of a century ago this week, still holds lessons for the consortium-based science it ushered in, say Eric D. Green, James D. Watson and Francis S. Collins.
Journal Article
A wealth of discovery built on the Human Genome Project — by the numbers
A new analysis traces the story of the draft genome’s impact on genomics since 2001, linking its effects on publications, drug approvals and understanding of disease.
A new analysis traces the story of the draft genome’s impact on genomics since 2001, linking its effects on publications, drug approvals and understanding of disease.
Journal Article
The broken promise that undermines human genome research
Data sharing was a core principle that led to the success of the Human Genome Project 20 years ago. Now scientists are struggling to keep information free.
Data sharing was a core principle that led to the success of the Human Genome Project 20 years ago. Now scientists are struggling to keep information free.
Journal Article
Initial impact of the sequencing of the human genome
Human genomics comes of age
To mark the tenth anniversary of the publication reporting a draft sequence of the human genome by the Human Genome Project, this issue of
Nature
presents three major papers about human genomics. Eric Lander, present at the birth of the Human Genome Project, looks back at what has been achieved in genomics and speculates on future prospects. Elaine Mardis discusses the DNA sequencing technologies that have catalysed the rapid genomic advances over the past ten years. And Eric Green, Mark Guyer and others from the US National Human Genome Research Institute provide a vision for the future of genomic medicine.
The sequence of the human genome has dramatically accelerated biomedical research. Here I explore its impact, in the decade since its publication, on our understanding of the biological functions encoded in the genome, on the biological basis of inherited diseases and cancer, and on the evolution and history of the human species. I also discuss the road ahead in fulfilling the promise of genomics for medicine.
Journal Article
The Bermuda Triangle: The Pragmatics, Policies, and Principles for Data Sharing in the History of the Human Genome Project
The Bermuda Principles for DNA sequence data sharing are an enduring legacy of the Human Genome Project (HGP). They were adopted by the HGP at a strategy meeting in Bermuda in February of 1996 and implemented in formal policies by early 1998, mandating daily release of HGP-funded DNA sequences into the public domain. The idea of daily sharing, we argue, emanated directly from strategies for large, goal-directed molecular biology projects first tested within the \"community\" of C. elegans researchers, and were introduced and defended for the HGP by the nematode biologists John Sulston and Robert Waterston. In the C. elegans community, and subsequently in the HGP, daily sharing served the pragmatic goals of quality control and project coordination. Yet in the HGP human genome, we also argue, the Bermuda Principles addressed concerns about gene patents impeding scientific advancement, and were aspirational and flexible in implementation and justification. They endured as an archetype for how rapid data sharing could be realized and rationalized, and permitted adaptation to the needs of various scientific communities. Yet in addition to the support of Sulston and Waterston, their adoption also depended on the clout of administrators at the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the UK nonprofit charity the Wellcome Trust, which together funded 90% of the HGP human sequencing effort. The other nations wishing to remain in the HGP consortium had to accommodate to the Bermuda Principles, requiring exceptions from incompatible existing or pending data access policies for publicly funded research in Germany, Japan, and France. We begin this story in 1963, with the biologist Sydney Brenner's proposal for a nematode research program at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology (LMB) at the University of Cambridge. We continue through 2003, with the completion of the HGP human reference genome, and conclude with observations about policy and the historiography of molecular biology.
Journal Article
The Human Genome Project: Lessons from Large-Scale Biology
The Human Genome Project has been the first major foray of the biological and medical research communities into \"big science.\" In this Viewpoint, we present some of our experiences in organizing and managing such a complicated, publicly funded, international effort. We believe that many of the lessons we learned will be applicable to future large-scale projects in biology.
Journal Article
Human Molecular Genetics and Genomics — Important Advances and Exciting Possibilities
Genomic research has evolved from seeking to understand the fundamentals of the human genetic code to examining the ways in which this code varies among people, and then applying this knowledge to interventions that are tailored to target the underlying causes of disease.
Journal Article
From one human genome to a complex tapestry of ancestry
In the 20 years since the first drafts of the human genome were made public, an explosion in genome sequencing has revealed how our evolutionary history and health can be understood by analysing the diversity in our genomes.
Increasing diversity in genomic sequencing over 20 years.
Journal Article
Multiple personal genomes await
Genomic data will soon become a commodity; the next challenge — linking human genetic variation with physiology and disease — will be as great as the one genomicists faced a decade ago, says J. Craig Venter.
Journal Article