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This paper reviews four decades of economics research on the brain drain, with a focus on recent contributions and on development issues. We first assess the magnitude, intensity, and determinants of the brain drain, showing that brain drain (or high-skill) migration is becoming a dominant pattern of international migration and a major aspect of globalization. We then use a stylized growth model to analyze the various channels through which a brain drain affects the sending countries and review the evidence on these channels. The recent empirical literature shows that high-skill emigration need not deplete a country's human capital stock and can generate positive network externalities. Three case studies are also considered: the African medical brain drain, the exodus of European scientists to the United States, and the role of the Indian diaspora in the development of India's information technology sector. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of the analysis for education, immigration, and international taxation policies in a global context.

Using new data on emigration rates by education level, we examine the impact of brain drain migration on human capital formation in developing countries. We find evidence of a positive effect of skilled migration prospects on gross human capital formation in a cross-section of 127 countries. For each country of the sample we then estimate the net effect of the brain drain using counterfactual simulations. Countries combining relatively low levels of human capital and low emigration rates are shown to experience a 'beneficial brain drain', and conversely, there are more losers than winners, and the former tend to lose relatively more than what the latter gain.

The debate on migration and development has swung back and forth like a pendulum, from developmentalist optimism in the 1950s and 1960s, to neo-Marxist pessimism over the 1970s and 1980s, towards more optimistic views in the 1990s and 2000s. This paper argues how such discursive shifts in the migration and development debate should be primarily seen as part of more general paradigm shifts in social and development theory. However, the classical opposition between pessimistic and optimistic views is challenged by empirical evidence pointing to the heterogeneity of migration impacts. By integrating and amending insights from the new economics of labor migration, livelihood perspectives in development studies and transnational perspectives in migration studies — which share several though as yet unobserved conceptual parallels — this paper elaborates the contours of a conceptual framework that simultaneously integrates agency and structure perspectives and is therefore able to account for the heterogeneous nature of migration-development interactions. The resulting perspective reveals the naivety of recent views celebrating migration as self-help development \"from below\". These views are largely ideologically driven and shift the attention away from structural constraints and the vital role of states in shaping favorable conditions for positive development impacts of migration to occur.

This article presents results of innovative surveys that tracked academic high achievers from five countries to wherever they moved in the world to directly measure at the micro level the channels through which high-skilled emigration affects sending countries. There are high levels of emigration and of return and the income gains to the best and brightest from migrating are an order of magnitude greater than any other effect. Most high-skilled migrants from poorer countries remit but involvement in trade and foreign direct investment is rare. Fiscal costs vary widely but are much less than the benefits to the migrants themselves.

\"The term 'brain drain' dominates popular discourse on high-skilled migration, and for this reason, we use it in this article. However, as Harry Johnson noted, it is a loaded phrase implying serious loss. It is far from clear that such a loss actually occurs in practice; indeed, there is an increasing recognition of the possible benefits that skilled migration can offer both for migrants and for sending countries. This paper builds upon a recent wave of empirical research to answer eight key questions underlying much of the brain drain debate: 1) What is brain drain? 2) Why should economists care about it? 3) Is brain drain increasing? 4) Is there a positive relationship between skilled and unskilled migration? 5) What makes brain drain more likely? 6) Does brain gain exist? 7) Do high-skilled workers remit, invest, and share knowledge back home? 8) What do we know about the fiscal and production externalities of brain drain?\" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku). Forschungsmethode: empirisch; Metaanalyse. Die Untersuchung bezieht sich auf den Zeitraum 2005 bis 2009.

To solve the active macroeconomic challenges of remittances, human capital flight, and brain drain facing Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) from the perspective of costs and benefits tradeoffs for achieving Sustainable Development Goal eight (SDGs-8) targets by 2030 and the recipient communities’ wellbeing, this study investigates the sustainable economic growth in SSA: Do remittances, human capital flight, and brain drain matter? Autoregressive-Distributive Lag (ARDL) and the Error-Correction Mechanism (ECM) were used. Thus, this research is led by push–pull, altruism, and social network theories. The ARDL showed that remittances and trade positively affect economic growth. However, human capital flight, poverty, corruption, and inequality negatively affect economic growth. The co-efficient of ECTt−1 is ascertained to be negative (−0.266282) with a significant statistical value of 1% (i.e., 0.0123). Therefore, the annual requirement to restore equilibrium convergence is 26.62%. The study concludes that SSA may achieve their sustainable economic growth target, particularly by formalizing remittances and human capital flight and brain drain into the financial, economic system in SSA by 2030, since restoration to long-term convergence will take less than nine years. Enabling a labor market that offers decent work and wages, along with trade and remittance policies for sustainable growth, are recommended.

An extended body of research has documented the outmigration of the \"best and brightest\" youth from rural areas. Some of this scholarship has suggested that rural schools and educators may be complicit in this process as they devote extra attention and resources to the highest achieving students—those most likely to leave their rural communities after high school. Using data from a national multimethod study, we find mixed support for this hypothesis. To the contrary, our data suggest that the highest-achieving rural students are among those with the greatest community attachment, and that student perceptions of local economic conditions are far more influential in shaping postsecondary residential aspirations than the advice of educators, or the poverty level of the school.

This paper and accompanying map aim on the issue of brain drain (otherwise known as Human Capital Flight) concerning cultural and creative industries. The study is focused on the evaluation of Olomouc city, Czechia. In the case of a mid-sized city such as Olomouc, human capital flight is largely associated with cultural and creative fields, because it plays a significant part of the economy and character of the city. The 'brain drain index' of Czech municipalities has been calculated and visualized within the synthetic map. The study supported by a map investigated the brain drain from the local university. Moreover, four analytical side-maps which present the most important phenomena used for the Brain Drain Index calculating, and one side-map which summarizes the results of the questionnaire survey, have been visualized. The map layout is extended by description, table and a scheme which characterize the individual steps of the workflow.

Over a decade, there has been an unprecedented mass exodus of healthcare professionals in Nigeria’s public hospitals. This has put the healthcare sector in crisis. This paper, therefore, examined the effects of human capital flight on services rendered in public health institutions in Nigeria, using the Enugu State University Teaching Hospital, Parklane, Enugu as a study base. The study population is 621 healthcare workers (HCWs) from the four departments selected (medical practitioners/doctors, nurses, laboratory scientists, and pharmacists) in the hospital. The sample size is 243 based on Taro Yamane’s formula at (p < .05) maximum variability level. The theoretical framework used for the analysis of this study is the push-pull theory. Findings show that human capital flight has a significant and devastating negative effect on services rendered in the hospital. The paper recommends the upgrade of public hospitals with modern healthcare facilities; and improving conditions of service and welfare of healthcare workers, if the departure is to be halted. Plain language summary Purpose: This study investigated the causes of the crisis of mass exodus (human capital flight) of health workers, the extent of the occurrence of the human capital flight, and its implications on the quality of healthcare service delivery in public hospitals in Nigeria. Methods: A mixed method research approach was used. Therefore, a qualitative and quantitative field survey that leveraged both primary and secondary data was adopted in the study to descriptively content analyze data to arrive at the findings. Conclusion: The poor salaries and other negative conditions of service prevalent in public hospitals in Nigeria resulted in crisis of shortage of health workers, who are emigrating overseas where there are greener pastures (better salaries and good conditions of service). This, however, impacted negatively on the quality of the job performance of the few remaining health workers in public hospitals in Nigeria. Implications: This is a clarion call to revamp public hospitals in Nigeria to guarantee quality health services to the citizens if national development is to be achieved and sustained. Recommendations: Upgrade of facilities in the hospitals and improvement of staff salaries, welfare and conditions of service are recommended as a panacea to overcome the problem of human capital flight in public hospitals in Nigeria. Limitations: Elite corruption, insecurity, poor economy, and other negative living conditions prevalent in Nigeria might not allow many health workers to remain in Nigeria even if their salaries, welfare and other conditions of service are improved.

This article considers one seemingly compelling justification for immigration restrictions: that they help restrict the brain drain of skilled workers from poor states. For some poor states, brain drain is a severe problem, sapping their ability to provide basic services. Yet this article finds that justifying immigration restrictions on brain drain grounds is far from straightforward. For restrictions to be justified, a series of demanding conditions must be fulfilled. Brain drain does provide a successful argument for some immigration restrictions, but it is an argument that fails to justify restrictions beyond a small minority of cases.