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Spillover : animal infections and the next human pandemic
\"As globalization spreads and as we destroy the ancient ecosystems, we encounter strange and dangerous infections that originate in animals but that can be transmitted to humans. Diseases that were contained are being set free and the results are potentially catastrophic. In a journey that takes him from southern China to the Congo, from Bangladesh to Australia, David Ouammen tracks these infections to their source and asks what we can do to prevent some new pandemic spreading across the face of the earth\"--back cover.
Book
Archaeology and Bioarchaeology of Anatomical Dissection at a Nineteenth-Century Army Hospital in San Francisco
An archaeological site that tells a story of structural
violence in medical research
In 2010, a pit containing over 4,000 human skeletal elements was
discovered at the site of the former Army hospital at Point San
Jose in San Francisco . Local archaeologists determined that the
bones, which were found alongside medical waste artifacts from the
hospital, were remains from anatomical dissections conducted in the
1870s. As no records of these dissections exist, this volume turns
to historical, archaeological, and bioarchaeological analysis to
understand the function of the pit and the identities of the people
represented in it. In these essays, contributors show how the
remains discovered are postmortem manifestations of social
inequality, evidence that nineteenth-century surgical and
anatomical research benefited from and perpetuated structural
violence against marginalized individuals.
A volume in the series Bioarchaeological Interpretations of the
Human Past: Local, Regional, and Global Perspectives, edited by
Clark Spencer Larsen
eBook
The impact of human cadaveric dissection on professional identity formation in medical students
Background
As technology advances, some schools are moving away from human cadaveric dissection to teach anatomy, leading to concern regarding the possible loss of a professional identity building experience. This study explored the role of dissection in students’ professional identity formation.
Methods
A mixed-methods study was conducted using survey methodology and semi-structured interviews of medical students at an American-style graduate-entry medical school in Singapore. The questionnaire adopted the conceptual framework of the Ring Theory of Personhood and the MacLeod-Clark Professional Identity Scale was used to measure professional identity, followed by semi-structured interviews of students using Braun and Clarke’s six-phase reflexive thematic analysis.
Results
Respondents did not differ substantively from non-respondents by age, nationality, or ethnicity, and year of entering medical school, however, they were slightly more female dominant. The number of hours of hands-on participation in dissection showed no significant relationship (r
2
= 0.010;
p
= 0.424) with professional identity formation measured by the MacLeod-Clark Professional Identity Scale. Despite the survey results, semi-structured interviews revealed rich and nuanced findings suggesting the influence of dissection in participants’ professional identity formation through deepening students’ appreciation of humanistic values and enhancing their notions of patients’ personhood. Notably, students without dissection experience did not express these sentiments and were orientated towards knowledge acquisition.
Conclusion
While our findings do not suggest that dissection strongly impacts students’ professional identity formation, students shared thought-provoking experiences which suggest some level of its contribution. Careful consideration of this phenomenon should be exercised prior to removing dissection in favour of technological alternatives.
Journal Article
Anatomy and the Organization of Knowledge, 1500-1850
Across early modern Europe, the growing scientific practice of dissection prompted new and insightful ideas about the human body. This collection of essays explores the impact of anatomical knowledge on wider issues of learning and culture.
eBook
The lady and her monsters : a tale of dissections, real-life Dr. Frankensteins, and the creation of Mary Shelley's masterpiece
\"A ... blend of literary history, lore, and early scientific exploration that traces the origins of the greatest horror story of all time\"--Dust jacket flap.
BOOK
Systematic review and meta-analysis of endoscopic submucosal dissection versus transanal endoscopic microsurgery for large noninvasive rectal lesions
Background
For almost 30 years, transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) has been the mainstay treatment for large rectal lesions. With the advent of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), flexible endoscopy has aimed at en bloc R0 resection of superficial lesions of the digestive tract. This systematic review and meta-analysis compared the safety and effectiveness of ESD and full-thickness rectal wall excision by TEM in the treatment of large nonpedunculated rectal lesions preoperatively assessed as noninvasive.
Methods
A systematic review of the literature published between 1984 and 2010 was conducted (Registration no. CRD42012001882). Data were integrated with those from the original databases requested from the study authors when needed. Pooled estimates of the proportions of patients with en bloc R0 resection, complications, recurrence, and need for further treatment in the ESD and TEM series were compared using random-effects single-arm meta-analysis.
Results
This review included 11 ESD and 10 TEM series (2,077 patients). The en bloc resection rate was 87.8 % (95 % confidence interval [CI] 84.3–90.6) for the ESD patients versus 98.7 % (95 % CI 97.4–99.3 %) for the TEM patients (
P
< 0.001). The R0 resection rate was 74.6 % (95 % CI 70.4–78.4 %) for the ESD patients versus 88.5 % (95 % CI 85.9–90.6 %) for the TEM patients (
P
< 0.001). The postoperative complications rate was 8.0 % (95 %, CI 5.4–11.8 %) for the ESD patients versus 8.4 % (95 % CI 5.2–13.4 %) for the TEM patients (
P
= 0.874). The recurrence rate was 2.6 % (95 % CI 1.3–5.2 %) for the ESD patients versus 5.2 % (95 % CI 4.0–6.9 %) for the TEM patients (
P
< 0.001). Nevertheless, the rate for the overall need of further abdominal treatment, defined as any type of surgery performed through an abdominal access, including both complications and pathology indications, was 8.4 % (95 % CI 4.9–13.9 %) for the ESD patients versus 1.8 % (95 % CI 0.8–3.7 %) for the TEM patients (
P
< 0.001).
Conclusions
The ESD procedure appears to be a safe technique, but TEM achieves a higher R0 resection rate when performed in full-thickness fashion, significantly reducing the need for further abdominal treatment.
Journal Article
Anatomage virtual dissection versus traditional human body dissection in anatomy pedagogy: insights from Ghanaian medical students
Background
Although traditional human body dissection has been the mainstay method for gross anatomy pedagogy, the popularity of virtual teaching methods has increased in recent years. The Anatomage table offers a life-size digital representation of the human body and allows visualization, manipulation, and virtual dissection. This study investigated the perception of medical students towards virtual dissection vis-à-vis traditional dissection in anatomy pedagogy.
Methods
The cross-sectional survey included medical students at the University of Ghana who completed an internet-based questionnaire administered using Google
®
Forms. The questionnaire comprised 20 close-ended questions that solicited information on demographics, experience with traditional human body dissection and virtual dissection, and perception of virtual dissection. Data was summarized as frequencies and percentages with 95% confidence intervals.
Results
Of the 297 participants, 295 [99.4% (95% CI = 97.3–99.9)] participated in human body dissection from which 93.2% had a positive and 6.8% had poor experiences. Whereas 223 [75.1% (95% CI = 69.7–79.8)] of the participants would participate in dissection again given the opportunity, 74 [24.9% (95% CI = 20.2–30.3)] were unwilling. Of 297 participants, 205 [69.0% (95% CI = 69.7–74.2)] had used Anatomage table, while 92 [31.0% (95% CI = 25.8–36.6)] had not. About 68% (95% CI = 60.8–74.0) of the 205 agreed with the relative ease of operation and use of the Anatomage table compared to traditional human body dissection while 9.4% disagreed. Inadequate operational skills [51% (95% CI = 48.9–53.4)] and limited accessibility [39% (95% CI = 35.2–42.3)] were limitations to Anatomage use. 66.8% (95% CI = 59.9–73.1) of participants agreed virtual dissection had a positive influence on learning anatomy while 6.6% disagreed. Of the 205, 87.9% (95% CI = 82.3–91.8) discouraged virtual anatomy dissection completely replacing traditional human body dissection.
Conclusion
Virtual dissection is an effective supplement to traditional body dissection but not a replacement. Its use alongside traditional methods improves anatomy learning. Integrating technology into anatomy education will enhance student engagement and learning.
Journal Article
A structured evaluation of LLM-generated step-by-step instructions in cadaveric brachial plexus dissection
Background
Large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT-4o, Grok 3.0, Gemini Advanced 2.0 Pro, and DeepSeek, have been tested in many medical domains in recent years, ranging from clinical decision support systems to patient information processes and even some intraoperative scenarios. However, despite this widespread use, how LLMs perform as step-by-step guides in environments requiring sensory-motor interaction—such as direct cadaver dissection—has not yet been systematically evaluated. This gap is particularly pronounced in anatomically complex areas with low error tolerance, such as brachial plexus dissection. This study aimed to comparatively analyze the performance of four different large language models (LLMs) in terms of scientific quality, educational value, and readability of their responses to structured questions in a cadaver dissection environment.
Methods
A structured question set of 28 items on brachial plexus dissection was created. Four experienced anatomists blindly evaluated the responses from the models using the modified DISCERN scale (mDISCERN) and the Global Quality Score (GQS). Readability was assessed using Flesch Reading Ease Score (FRES), Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL), Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG), Gunning Fog Index (GFI), and Coleman-Liau Index (CLI). Content validity was tested via the Content Validity Index (CVI), and inter-rater reliability was calculated using Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) and Cohen’s Kappa.
Results
ChatGPT-4o and Grok 3.0 received the highest scores for scientific accuracy and guidance structure (
p
< 0.01). DeepSeek showed high readability but limited content depth, while Gemini performed moderately across all parameters. Readability metrics were significantly correlated with quality scores.
Conclusion
This is one of the first studies to systematically examine how LLM-based systems perform in a training context with sensory challenges such as cadaver dissection. While LLMs cannot replace the ethical and educational value provided by real human donors, they may offer scalable, individualized support in settings with limited mentorship or cadaver availability. Our study not only aims to support anatomy education in resource-limited environments, but also serves as a foundational reference for future AI-assisted cadaveric studies and intraoperative decision-support models in surgical anatomy.
Journal Article