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Human identity and identification
\"Few things are as interesting to us as our own bodies and, by extension, our own identities. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the relationship between the body, environment and society. Reflecting upon these developments, this book examines the role of the body in human identification, in the forging of identities, and the ways in which it embodies our social worlds. The approach is integrative, taking a uniquely biological perspective and reflecting on current discourse in the social sciences. With particular reference to bioarchaeology and forensic science, the authors focus on the construction and categorisation of the body within scientific and popular discourse, examining its many tissues, from the outermost to the innermost, from the skin to DNA. Synthesising two, traditionally disparate, strands of research, this is a valuable contribution to research on human identification and the embodiment of identity.\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Contemplating on human dignity: who counts as human?
The fundamental topic in humanities is clearly the study of humans. Neglecting the understanding and recognition of humans can hinder us from achieving generalizable results and may lead us toward arbitrary and group-based decisions. Failure to distinguish between biological species up to the point of denying the objectivity of species, conflicts between nominalists and realists, and limitations of logical definitions are problems that will be addressed in this article.In this study, it is argued that there is no universal definition for human beings as a biological species. Therefore, from a philosophical perspective, the rights and characteristics that are associated with humans in humanities cannot be attributed to human beings as a mere biological species. In an attempt to settle this issue, a minimal shared definition of “human” (as a philosophical entity) that encompasses differences and exceptions has been accepted and recognized. It is evident that an attachment cannot stand on the same level as the essence, and discussions regarding their incorporation should be considered. In this article, it has been concluded that the criteria for the philosophical human are self-awareness and freedom of choice, and offering a definition for “human” will be founded on these two features.
Journal Article
Disaster Victim Identification
Disaster management has become an increasingly global issue, with victim identification receiving greater attention. This volume presents a selection of key historical incidents in the United Kingdom and includes candid discussions of potential areas for improvement in preparedness and future deployment capabilities. Each chapter addresses a specific disaster and covers a number of main points in relation to the incident. Viewing disaster management from a global perspective, the book contains the combined input of academics, forensic specialists, trainers, and law enforcement professionals who focus on actual cases to honestly assess events and provide concrete recommendations.
eBook
Identification and registration practices in transnational perspective : people, papers and practices
\"Utilising sources that range from 16th century parish registers to the 21st century supermarket loyalty card, this collection examines the history and development of identification documents and surveillance techniques over the past 500 years. Combining the knowledge of several experts from a variety of disciplines, this volume successfully demonstrates how identification and registration can enable and empower a population, particularly if the interests of the state and population coincide. It also reveals the weakness of states or corporations when dealing with issues such as popular resistance and fraud, despite great leaps forward in the scientific methods of identifying individuals. This important book offers a vital contribution to the literature on a variety of topical subject areas such as biometric identification, immigration control and personal data use, as such it is of interest to students and scholars of civil and human rights amongst other disciplines\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Genetic genealogy for cold case and active investigations
•Genetic genealogy is helping to close both cold and active investigations.•Forensic DNA is uploaded to public genetic genealogy databases to find relatives.•Extensive genealogy and descendancy research generate a list of possible identities.•Many complicating factors can impede the research.•Identity is narrowed down using a wide range of information & confirmed using STRs.
Investigative genetic genealogy has rapidly emerged as a highly effective tool for using DNA to determine the identity of unknown individuals (unidentified remains or perpetrators), generating identifications in dozens of law enforcement cases, both cold and active. The amount of press coverage of these cases may have given the impression that the analysis is straightforward and the outcome guaranteed once a sample is uploaded to a database. However, the database query results serve only as clues from which in-depth genealogy and descendancy research must proceed to determine the possible identities of an unknown individual. While there certainly will be more announcements of cases solved using this new technique, there are many more cases where identification has not yet been possible due to the wide variety of complications present in these investigations. This paper lays out the fundamentals of genetic genealogy, along with the challenges that are encountered in many of these investigations, and concludes with a set of case studies that demonstrate the variety of cases encountered thus far.
Journal Article
Emerging and young adulthood : multiple perspectives, diverse narratives
This data-rich volume offers new insights into the transitional period between adolescence and adulthood. It analyzes core concepts typically associated with adolescence, such as identity development, emerging sexuality, deepening relationships, and exploration of career choices as individuals age into their twenties and early thirties. Chapters examine the challenges of self-exploration, responsibilities, and independence as this generation approaches adulthood with deliberation in an uncertain world with vastly different perspectives from that of their parents. And in the tradition of its predecessor, the book's first-person excerpts emphasize and illuminate the diversity of the population and its stakeholders, including parents and employers. Each chapter is updated and revised to reflect the current literature that has evolved since the first edition was published. Additional chapters address two increasingly important areas of interest: the virtual life of the emerging and young adult; and the career-related challenges emerging and young adults encounter in their search for a vocational home. Rich additional narratives serve to elucidate the terrain emerging and young adults encounter as they begin to establish themselves in the world of work and social and romantic relationships. Key areas of coverage include: Identity formation in environmental context Culture: opening paths, creating detours The \"tyranny\" of choice: re-examining the prevailing narrative Examination of career paths for emerging and young adults Emotional and social lives of emerging and young adults Overlapping and disparate views of employers Mental health issues of emerging and young adults The Second Edition of Emerging and Young Adulthood is essential reading for researchers, clinicians, therapists and other professionals, and graduate students in developmental, school, and counseling psychology and related social and behavioral sciences.
Book
Interpretable Passive Multi-Modal Sensor Fusion for Human Identification and Activity Recognition
Human monitoring applications in indoor environments depend on accurate human identification and activity recognition (HIAR). Single modality sensor systems have shown to be accurate for HIAR, but there are some shortcomings to these systems, such as privacy, intrusion, and costs. To combat these shortcomings for a long-term monitoring solution, an interpretable, passive, multi-modal, sensor fusion system PRF-PIR is proposed in this work. PRF-PIR is composed of one software-defined radio (SDR) device and one novel passive infrared (PIR) sensor system. A recurrent neural network (RNN) is built as the HIAR model for this proposed solution to handle the temporal dependence of passive information captured by both modalities. We validate our proposed PRF-PIR system for a potential human monitoring system through the data collection of eleven activities from twelve human subjects in an academic office environment. From our data collection, the efficacy of the sensor fusion system is proven via an accuracy of 0.9866 for human identification and an accuracy of 0.9623 for activity recognition. The results of the system are supported with explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) methodologies to serve as a validation for sensor fusion over the deployment of single sensor solutions. PRF-PIR provides a passive, non-intrusive, and highly accurate system that allows for robustness in uncertain, highly similar, and complex at-home activities performed by a variety of human subjects.
Journal Article
Assessing socioeconomic status through dental and associated tissue characteristics: A cross-sectional study for human identification version 2; peer review: 2 approved with reservations
Background
Dental identification methods are employed to determine a person's identity in forensic odontology. Additionally, analyzing a person's teeth can provide insights into their socioeconomic status, which may assist in the process of identification. Our study aimed to assess the correlation between dental health status and SES among individuals, with a focus on identifying predictors of SES based on dental health indicators
Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the correlation between dental health status and socioeconomic status among 135 individuals. who had visited the Department of Oral Medicine for various forms of dental care. SES was measured according to a modified Kuppuswamy scale. The associations between SES and dental health indicators were analyzed using chi-square tests for categorical variables and t-tests for continuous variables.
Results
Dental caries is more common in lower SES groups, attributed to factors like poor nutrition and hygiene. Partial and complete edentulism are also more prevalent in lower SES populations, often due to financial constraints and lack of awareness, leading to extractions rather than restorations. However, urban populations, regardless of SES, show greater utilization of dental restorations, likely due to the concentration of dentists in cities and access to community-based dental camps offering low-cost treatments. Periodontal diseases further reflect SES disparities. Studies show that individuals from lower SES backgrounds report more severe periodontal issues, such as gingival swelling, while higher SES groups report milder symptoms like gingival bleeding, indicating earlier intervention.
Conclusion
SES plays a vital role in shaping health and lifestyle outcomes. The findings in our study demonstrate the value of incorporating SES indicators, such as education, occupation, marital status, and residence, into forensic investigations to enhance the precision of identification processes.
Journal Article
Human identification: a review of methods employed within an Australian coronial death investigation system
Whilst many identification methods have been widely described and discussed in the literature, and considered in disaster and humanitarian contexts, there has been limited reporting and evaluation of the identification methods used in domestic medico-legal death investigation contexts. The aim of this study was to evaluate the identification methods utilised at the Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine (VIFM), which forms part of a coronial medico-legal death investigation system. The method of identification and time taken to complete the identification were reviewed for all cases admitted to the VIFM over a five-year period from 1 July 2015 to 30 June 2020. The majority, 91%, of individuals admitted to the VIFM were visually identified. The remaining 9% of cases required identification by primary methods (i.e. fingerprints, DNA or dental) or, when those methods were not possible, by secondary methods (i.e. circumstantial). Visual identifications were the timeliest, taking an average of 1.5 days, whilst primary identification methods required an average of 5 days to complete. The triaging of identification methods, dependent on the case context, body preservation, availability of ante-mortem data, legal requirements and admissibility of the method, are determined by identification coordinators within the Human Identification Service (HIS) to ensure the most appropriate and timely method is employed. This review of human identification methods provides the foundation for future analyses to compare workflow processes and improve identification methods utilised in domestic medico-legal contexts.
Journal Article