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"Human physiology"
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Cross-education of wrist extensor strength is not influenced by non-dominant training in right-handers
Purpose
Cross-education of strength has been proposed to be greater when completed by the dominant limb in right handed humans. We investigated whether the direction of cross-education of strength and corticospinal plasticity are different following right or left limb strength training in right-handed participants.
Methods
Changes in strength, muscle thickness and indices of corticospinal plasticity were analyzed in 23 adults who were exposed to 3-weeks of either right-hand strength training (RHT) or left-hand strength training (LHT).
Results
Maximum voluntary wrist extensor strength in both the trained and untrained limb increased, irrespective of which limb was trained, with TMS revealing reduced corticospinal inhibition.
Conclusions
Cross-education of strength was not limited by which limb was trained and reduced corticospinal inhibition was not just confined to the trained limb. Critically, from a behavioral perspective, the magnitude of cross-education was not limited by which limb was trained.
Journal Article
Mechanisms of force depression caused by different types of physical exercise studied by direct electrical stimulation of human quadriceps muscle
Purpose
Force production frequently remains depressed for several hours or even days after various types of strenuous physical exercise. We hypothesized that the pattern of force changes during the first hour after exercise can be used to reveal muscular mechanisms likely to underlie the decline in muscle performance during exercise as well as factors involved in the triggering the prolonged force depression after exercise.
Methods
Nine groups of recreationally active male volunteers performed one of the following types of exercise: single prolonged or repeated short maximum voluntary contractions (MVCs); single or repeated all-out cycling bouts; repeated drop jumps. The isometric force of the right quadriceps muscle was measured during stimulation with brief 20 and 100 Hz trains of electrical pulses given before and at regular intervals for 60 min after exercise.
Results
All exercises resulted in a prolonged force depression, which was more marked at 20 Hz than at 100 Hz. Short-lasting (≤2 min) MVC and all-out cycling exercises showed an initial force recovery (peak after ~ 5 min) followed by a secondary force depression. The repeated drop jumps, which involve eccentric contractions, resulted in a stable force depression with the 20 Hz force being markedly more decreased after 100 than 10 jumps.
Conclusions
In accordance with our hypothesis, the results propose at least three different mechanisms that influence force production after exercise: (1) a transiently recovering process followed by (2) a prolonged force depression after metabolically demanding exercise, and (3) a stable force depression after mechanically demanding contractions.
Journal Article
Secrets of the human body
\"206 bones. One heart. Two eyes. Ten fingers. What makes tears of joy different from tears of sadness? Why is a gut feeling so much smarter than you think? And why is 90% of you not even human? You may think you know the human body--heart, lungs, brain and bones--but our bodies are full of extraordinary mysteries that science is only just beginning to understand. This book will change forever how we think about our bodies. Thanks to cutting-edge science and cutting-edge technology we get a tantalizing glimpse beneath our skin, and there we see the secrets that make every ordinary human body ... extraordinary.\"--Page 4 of cover.
BOOK
Physiological and performance responses of sprint interval training and endurance training in Gaelic football players
PurposeWhile ideal for developing aerobic capacity, traditional endurance training (ET) is extremely time-consuming and may lack the specificity to maintain indices of speed and power in team sport athletes. In contrast, low-volume short-duration sprint interval training (SIT) has been shown to improve V˙O2max to a similar extent as ET. However, to date, few studies have compared the effects of running-based SIT and ET, on aerobic capacity and indices of speed and power of trained team sport athletes.MethodsClub level male Gaelic football players were randomly assigned to SIT (n = 13; 26.5 ± 4.87 years) or ET (n = 12; 25.4 ± 2.58 years) groups. Participants trained 3 days week−1 for 6 weeks. V˙O2max, RE, vV˙O2max, blood lactate concentrations, Wingate test performance, running speed, jump performance and intermittent endurance performance (IEP) were measured at baseline and after 6 weeks.ResultsAn increase in V˙O2max (p < 0.05), vV˙O2max (p < 0.001) and IEP (p < 0.001) following 6 weeks of both SIT and ET was observed. Wingate mean power (p < 0.001), peak power (p < 0.001) and fatigue index (p < 0.005) were all significantly improved following training in both groups. Velocity at LT was significantly higher and performance in the 20-m running speed and VJ tests were significantly reduced post training in the ET group (all p < 0.005).ConclusionDespite the large difference in total training time, a running-based protocol of SIT is a time efficient training method for improving aerobic capacity and IEP while maintaining indices of lower body power and running speed in team-sport players.
Journal Article
How the body works : the facts simply explained
Examines \"all the complex processes that keep our bodies alive and thriving, from the basic building blocks of the body--our cells--to skin, muscles, and bones and the ways in which our many parts work together. Learn about the senses, how we read faces and body language, nutrition and immunity, the brain, sleep, memory, dreams, and much more\"--Amazon.com.
Book
Effect of abdominal bracing training on strength and power of trunk and lower limb muscles
Purpose
It is unknown whether maximal voluntary co-contraction of abdominal muscles, called abdominal bracing, can be a training maneuver for improving strength and power of trunk and lower limb muscles. The present study aimed to elucidate this.
Methods
Twenty young adult men (23.3 ± 1.8 years) were allocated to training (TG,
n
= 11) or control (CG,
n
= 9) group. TG conducted an 8-week training program (3 days/week) consisting of 2-s maximal abdominal bracing followed by 2-s muscle relaxation (5 × 10 repetitions/day). Maximal voluntary isometric strength during trunk flexion and extension, hip extension, and knee extension, maximal lifting power from sitting position, and the thicknesses of abdominal muscles were measured before and after the intervention. In addition, surface electromyograms from trunk and lower limb muscles and intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) during the maximal abdominal bracing and maximal lifting tasks were also determined.
Results
After the intervention, TG showed significant increases in isometric trunk extension (+14.4 %) and hip extension (+34.7 %) strength and maximal lifting power (+15.6 %), while CG did not show any changes in strength and power variables. Furthermore, TG had significant gains in the muscle thickness of the oblique internal (+22.4 %), maximal IAP during abdominal bracing (+36.8 %), and the rate of IAP rise during lifting task (+58.8 %), without corresponding changes in CG.
Conclusion
The current study indicates that a training style with maximal voluntary co-contraction of abdominal muscles can be an effective maneuver for increasing strength and power during movements involving trunk and hip extensions, without using external load.
Journal Article
What makes your body work?
\"Explains the inner workings of some of the body's major organs and systems. Readers can perform fun easy experiments that will help them measure their own lung volume or understand why the brain can decipher [letters in the wrong order in a word]. Entertaining illustrations and explanatory diagrams give details that help reveal what really makes the body work\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Viral reactivations following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in pediatric patients – A single center 11-year analysis
Viral reactivation occurs frequently in the context of immunodeficiency and immunosuppression after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) and can cause severe complications. The aim of this single-center retrospective analysis was to characterize viral infections in the first year after HSCT, to investigate risk factors and to study the impact of viral infections on transplantation outcome. This will facilitate the identification of at-risk patients and the development of new preventive strategies. 107 pediatric allo-HSCT from January 2005 through December 2015 were analyzed for infections with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), adenovirus (ADV), herpes simplex virus (HSV) and varicella zoster virus (VZV). Viral infections were detected after 68.2% of transplantations. The viruses most commonly encountered were HHV-6 (36/107) and EBV (30/107). Severe viral disease was rare (7/107) and none of the patients died as result of viral reactivation. Important risk factors for viral infections were higher age at HSCT, donor type and occurrence of acute graft-versus-host disease (aGvHD). Especially for EBV, transplant from an unrelated donor and in-vivo T-cell depletion (TCD) had a significant effect on infection rates, whereas for CMV the strongest effect was seen by donor and recipient serostatus with recipient seropositivity most predictive for reactivation. The occurrence of severe aGvHD was associated with EBV and ADV infections. For HSV, the recipient serostatus was identified as prognostic factor for HSV infections, while we found higher age at time of HSCT as risk factor for VZV infections. The overall survival of patients with or without viral infections did not differ significantly. Interestingly, when looking at the 85 patients in our cohort who had received an HSCT for a malignant disease, a tendency towards lower relapse rates was seen in patients affected by viral infections (HR 0.51, 95% CI 0.25 - 1.06, p = 0.072). Viral reactivations are common after pediatric allo-HSCT, though severe complications were rare in our collective. Determining risk factors for viral reactivations may help to identify patients in need of intensified monitoring and to individualize preventive strategies.
Journal Article