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"Human rights Mythology."
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The Myth of American Idealism: How U.S. Foreign Policy Endangers the World
The Myth of American Idealism: How U.S. Foreign Policy Endangers the World, by Nathan J. Robinson and Noam Chomsky is reviewed.
Journal Article
Myths about Intimate Partner Violence and Moral Disengagement: An Analysis of Sociocultural Dimensions Sustaining Violence against Women
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a public health issue worldwide and a serious violation of human rights. Recognizing IPV as a form of violence is essential for both victims who need help and offenders who can join treatment programs. Furthermore, only a society able to identify violence can effectively deal with IPV. The present study is aimed at investigating the role of sociocultural dimensions (i.e., ambivalent sexism toward women, ambivalence toward men, and lay theories about gender differences) in sustaining myths about IPV and moral disengagement. The participants were 359 university students (76.5% female). The results show that hostile sexism toward women plays a key role in sustaining both myths and moral disengagement. Moreover, benevolence toward men and biological lay gender theories (i.e., “naïve” theories assuming that sex differences are a product of biology and genetics) significantly affected the endorsement of IPV myths. The implications are discussed.
Journal Article
Labeling Sexual Victimization Experiences: The Role of Sexism, Rape Myth Acceptance, and Tolerance for Sexual Harassment
This study investigated whether attitudinal variables, such as benevolent and hostile sexism toward men and women, female rape myth acceptance, and tolerance of sexual harassment are related to women labeling their sexual assault experiences as rape. In a sample of 276 female college students, 71 (25.7%) reported at least one experience that met the operational definition of rape, although only 46.5% of those women labeled the experience \"rape.\" Benevolent sexism, tolerance of sexual harassment, and rape myth acceptance, but not hostile sexism, significantly predicted labeling of previous sexual assault experiences by the victims. Specifically, those with more benevolent sexist attitudes toward both men and women, greater rape myth acceptance, and more tolerant attitudes of sexual harassment were less likely to label their past sexual assault experience as rape. The results are discussed for their clinical and theoretical implications.
Journal Article
A Brief Report on Rape Myth Acceptance: Differences Between Police Officers, Law Students, and Psychology Students in the United Kingdom
A common perception is that police officers hold very negative attitudes about rape victims. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to establish whether police officers do accept stereotypical rape myths at a higher level compared to members of other populations. There were 3 comparison samples, composed of police officers, law students, and psychology students, that completed the Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance scale. Male and female police officers accepted \"she lied\" myths at a higher level than the student samples. Student samples were found to accept 2 types of rape myths (\"she asked for it\" and \"he didn't meant to\") at a higher level compared to police officers. No significant differences were found in the other 4 subfactors. Therefore, the pattern of results suggests that police officers do not adhere to stereotypical myths about rape victims more than do other populations.
Journal Article
The Riddle of Rape-by-Deception and the Myth of Sexual Autonomy
\"Rape-by-deception\" is almost universally rejected in American criminal law. But if rape is sex without the victim's consent—as many courts, state statutes, and scholars say it is—then sex-by-deception ought to be rape, because as courts have held for a hundred years in virtually every area of the law outside of rape, a consent procured through deception is no consent at all. Moreover, rejecting rape-by-deception fails to vindicate sexual autonomy, which is widely viewed today as rape law's central principle and, indeed, as a constitutional right. This Article argues against the idea of sexual autonomy and against the understanding of rape as unconsented-to sex. A better understanding, it is argued, can be arrived at by comparing rape to slavery and torture, which are violations of a person's fundamental right to self-possession. This view of rape can explain the rejection of rape-by-deception, which current thinking cannot, but it will also suggest that rape law's much-maligned force requirement may not be so malign after all.
Journal Article
Child Sex Trafficking: Strategies for Identification, Counseling, and Advocacy
The human rights violation of sex trafficking continues to occur in the United States at alarming rates. Although sex trafficking affects individuals across various demographic groups, this crime disproportionately affects children. Counselors who work with children and adolescents are uniquely positioned to identify, support, and advocate on behalf of sex trafficked youth who may experience barriers to emotional and physical wellness. Extant literature on counseling sex trafficking survivors remain scarce and illuminate the need for victim identification, trauma-informed interventions, and advocacy strategies that support the unique needs of child sex trafficking survivors. To address these disparities, this article describes victim identification techniques, outlines trauma-focused interventions for counseling sex trafficked youth, and presents advocacy strategies. The implications for counseling child sex trafficking survivors are illuminated through a case study.
Journal Article
Other People’s Theories: From Myth to Anthropology and Back
What follows is an account of an anthropological journey taken over the course of several decades. This journey involved theories, but also different disciplines, as well as shifts between languages, countries, and continents. The whole process has involved stories of identity (imagined, constructed, or both), changes of place (teaching in seven countries on three continents and in four languages), looking for a safe haven, and my firm belief in the importance of understanding the motives that govern human beings. Anthropological theories arise from specific cultural and social circumstances, and they continue to develop, as well as draw their inspiration, from different historical events. Theories are related to itineraries, and in my case, I find myself completing a full circle as I come back to Brazil—where my professional journey took off more than two decades ago. With all the stops along the way, this was a journey through different perspectives leading to a rather obvious conclusion about understanding others. Contrary to what some believe, understanding others and the multiplicity of cultures and life-forms is not about building bridges, it is about understanding that we all live on the same island.
Journal Article
Effects of Sexual Myths and Intimate Partner Violence on Women’s Sexual Self-Schemas
Sexual self-schemas (SSSs) are cognitive generalizations about one’s sexual aspects. The aim of this study was to explore the possible effects of intimate partner violence (IPV) and the sexual myths about sexual behavior or roles on women’s sexual self-schemas. The research had a cross-sectional and observational design. Fifty women from a psychiatry outpatient clinic between the ages of 18–50 were given the Sexual Self-Schema Scale, sexual myths questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Golombok-Rust Inventory of Sexual Satisfaction, and Domestic Violence Against Women Scale. A significant relationship was found between the duration of marriage (years) and “Direct/Outspoken” schema (
p
= .020,
r
= 0.29). This schema was also correlated with emotional (
p
= .037,
r
= − 0.29), total violence score (
p
= .028,
r
= − 0.27), and sexual myth score (
p
= .033,
r
= 0.26). After the regression analysis, it was observed that the effect of emotional violence and sexual myth score on the “Direct/Outspoken” schema remained significant. Correcting sexual myths through sexual education can make women’s SSSs into positive way. In addition, interventions can be made to increase SSSs positively in women exposed to IPV. It is recommended that clinicians take a holistic approach by questioning the sexual functions and schemas of women in addition to IPV in women who experience it and have depression or anxiety disorders. As a policy implication, education about women’s rights and sexuality should also be given. Adequate psychological support should be provided to reduce the impact of IPV on SSS.
Journal Article
Rape Myths, Rape Law and Mendelsohn’s Victimology: Law’s ‘Bio-psycho-social’ Witness
This article provides a feminist reading of a neglected text: victimology founder Benjamin Mendelsohn’s essay about rape victims and the law, ‘Rape in Criminology and the Importance of the Female Judge’ (Mendelsohn Benjamin in La Giustizia Penale I-II-III-IV:28–50 1940). Following the heuristics of feminist socio-legal scholarship, my reading unsettles the established origin story of victimology and furthers feminist knowledge about the persistence of rape myths. I show victimology sprang from Mendelsohn’s work as a rape trial lawyer and was a vehicle for modernising rape myths, brought into being in response to rape survivor-corroborating advancements in forensic science. Mendelsohn’s ‘bio-psycho-social’ method of criminal defence sought a modern scientific foundation for rape myths, mobilising biological, psychoanalytic and sociological knowledge to contrive new grounds for invalidating complainant testimony as corrupt data.
Journal Article