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Rethinking Clinical Trials and Redefining Responsibility for Research Participants
This is a new treatment of clinical research ethics in an African context, and an indispensable resource for researchers, students, policy makers and research institutions interested in African research ethics. In re-appraising the African philosophical notion of selfhood, it argues for the need to re-conceptualize responsibility in clinical trials, pushing researchers to go beyond autonomy-based considerations based on the individual only, and to develop clinical trials that appropriately embed research subjects within their community and their environment. The African standpoint stresses communalism and communitarianism. As such, responsibility for, and by, the individual can only make sense through the community in which the individual is rooted. The book emphasizes the African viewpoint by making explicit the importance of the self in the re-contextualized arena of the community. It forces research ethicists to go beyond autonomy-based considerations for the individual only, and to appropriately embed research subjects within their community and their environment.
eBook
Figure drawing : a complete guide
Figure Drawing: A Complete Guide is an essential handbook for anyone particularly interested in portrait drawing, and includes in-depth studies of human anatomy by master artist Civardi. Civardi's technical advice and practical tips, accompanied by his own outstanding drawings, make this an invaluable resource for any portrait artist. A fresh collection of content from previously-published works.
Book
Global Health Perspectives on Race in Research: Neocolonial Extraction and Local Marginalization
Best practices in global health training prioritize leadership and engagement from investigators from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), along with conscientious community consultation and research that benefits local participants and autochthonous communities. However, well into the 20th century, international research and clinical care remain rife with paternalism, extractive practices, and racist ideation, with race presumed to explain vulnerability or protection from various diseases, despite scientific evidence for far more precise mechanisms for infectious disease. We highlight experiences in global research on health and illness among indigenous populations in LMICs, seeking to clarify what is both scientifically essential and ethically desirable in research with human subjects; we apply a critical view towards race and racism as historically distorting elements that must be acknowledged and overcome.
Journal Article
Figure it out! : drawing essential poses : the beginner's guide to the natural-looking figure
\"Bestselling how-to-draw author Christopher Hart helps artists fine-tune their skills with the fundamentals of drawing natural-looking figures. Eschewing the esoteric \"art poses\" and wooden mannequins commonly found in art books, he portrays everyday, real-life gestures on human-looking foundation figures: standing, sitting, kneeling, and reclining, with arms folded, ankles crossed, hands on hips, and more, all shown from various angles. Hart also explores deeper concepts such as perspective, illusion of depth, casting shadows, and foreshortening, and provides step-by-step tutorials that take artists through complete, naturally posed figure drawings from start to finish\"-- Provided by publisher.
Restricted Access
A statistical model to predict the occurrence of blunt impact injuries on the human hand-arm system
Biomechanical limits based on pain thresholds ensure safety in workplaces where humans and cobots (collaborative robots) work together. Standardization bodies’ decision to rely on pain thresholds stems from the assumption that such limits inherently protect humans from injury. This assumption has never been verified, though. This article reports on a study with 22 human subjects in which we studied injury onset in four locations of the hand-arm system using an impact pendulum. During the tests, the impact intensity was slowly increased over several weeks until a blunt injury, i.e., bruising or swelling, appeared in the body locations under load. A statistical model, which calculates injury limits for a given percentile, was developed based on the data. A comparison of our injury limits for the 25th percentile with existing pain limits confirms that pain limits provide suitable protection against impact injuries, albeit not for all body locations.
Journal Article
Fashion design studio : learn to draw figures, fashion, hairstyles & more
\"This fun introduction to design opens the world of style to budding fashionistas! Bestselling art instructor Chris Hart not only gives step-by-step instructions on drawing figures from many points of view and in varying poses, he explains the tricks of the trade: how to \"dress\" your figure; render color, texture, and print; and create accessories, hairstyles, and makeup looks. An overview of tools, materials, and essential skills will help you bring your creative vision to life!\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Suffering in Animal Research: The Need for Limits and the Possibility of Compensation
Guidelines and regulations for medical research recognize that the experiences of humans and animals both matter morally. They thus set a presumption against harming research subjects, whether humans or animals, and mandate that the harms subjects experience should be the minimal necessary for achieving the scientific aims of the study. Beyond this, guidelines and regulations place upper limits on the extent to which human, but not animal, subjects may be harmed. They also mandate that human, but not animal, subjects should be compensated for the harms they experience. In this article, I argue that this common approach to regulating medical research is mistaken. In particular, there are upper limits on the extent to which animals may ethically be harmed in order to collect data to benefit others, and there are moral reasons to compensate them for the harms they experience. I conclude that guidelines and regulations for research with animals should be revised accordingly.
Journal Article
Reducing Events of Noncompliance in Neurology Human Subjects Research: the Effect of Human Subjects Research Protection Training and Site Initiation Visits
In an effort to minimize protocol noncompliance in neurological research studies that can potentially compromise patient safety, delay completion of the study, and result in premature termination and added costs, we determined the effect of investigator trainings and site initiation visits (SIVs) on the occurrence of noncompliance events. Results of protocol audits conducted at the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke from 2003 to 2019 on 97 research protocols were retrospectively analyzed. Based on the depth of auditing and provision of investigator research training, audit data were separated into four arms: 1) Early Period, 2003 to 2012; 2) Middle Period, 2013 to 2016; and Late Period, 2017 to 2019, further divided into 3) Late Period without SIVs; and 4) Late Period with SIVs. Events of noncompliance were classified by the type of protocol deviation, the category, and the cause. In total, 952 events occurred across 1080 participants. Protocols audited during the Middle Period, compared to the Early Period, showed a decrease in the percentage of protocols with at least 1 noncompliance event. Protocols with SIVs had a further decrease in major, minor, procedural, eligibility, and policy events. Additionally, protocols audited during the Early Period had on average 0.46 major deviations per participant, compared to 0.26 events in protocols audited during the Middle Period, and 0.08 events in protocols audited during the Late Period with SIVs. Protocol deviations and noncompliance events in neurological clinical trials can be reduced by targeted investigator trainings and SIVs. These measures have major impacts on the integrity, safety, and effectiveness of human subjects research in neurology.
Journal Article