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"Humanism -- Germany -- History -- 19th century"
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Forming humanity : redeeming the German Bildung tradition
Kant's proclamation of humankind's emergence from \"self-incurred immaturity\" left his contemporaries with a puzzle: What models should we use to sculpt ourselves if we no longer look to divine grace or received authorities? Deftly uncovering the roots of this question in Rhineland mysticism, Pietist introspection, and the rise of the bildungsroman, Jennifer A. Herdt reveals bildung, or ethical formation, as the key to post-Kantian thought. This was no simple process of secularization, in which human beings took responsibility for something they had earlier left in the hands of God. Rather, theorists of bildung, from Herder through Goethe to Hegel, championed human agency in self-determination while working out the social and political implications of our creation in the image of God. While bildung was invoked to justify racism and colonialism by stigmatizing those deemed resistant to self-cultivation, it also nourished ideals of dialogical encounter and mutual recognition. Herdt reveals how the project of forming humanity lives on in our ongoing efforts to grapple with this complicated legacy.
Book
Anthropology and antihumanism in imperial Germany
With the rise of imperialism, the centuries-old European tradition of humanist scholarship as the key to understanding the world was jeopardized. Nowhere was this more true than in nineteenth-century Germany. It was there, Andrew Zimmerman argues, that the battle lines of today's \"culture wars\" were first drawn when anthropology challenged humanism as a basis for human scientific knowledge. Drawing on sources ranging from scientific papers and government correspondence to photographs, pamphlets, and police reports of \"freak shows,\" Zimmerman demonstrates how German imperialism opened the door to antihumanism. As Germans interacted more frequently with peoples and objects from far-flung cultures, they were forced to reevaluate not just those peoples, but also the construction of German identity itself. Anthropologists successfully argued that their discipline addressed these issues more productively—and more accessibly—than humanistic studies. Scholars of anthropology, European and intellectual history, museum studies, the history of science, popular culture, and colonial studies will welcome this book.
eBook
Classical humanism and the challenge of modernity : debates on classical education in 19th-century Germany
This book challenges the common view that classical education in 19th-century Germany was dominated by a progressive ideal called 'neohumanism'. The prevailing ideal of education at the German Gymnasien was emphatically traditional and is best described as classical humanism. Moreover, this 19th-century classical humanism dynamically related to modern society and should therefore be seen as the continuation of a living tradition.
Book
Forming humanity : redeeming the German Bildung tradition
Now in paperback, Forming Humanity reveals bildung, or ethical formation, as the key to post-Kantian thought.
Kant's proclamation of humankind's emergence from \"self-incurred immaturity\" left his contemporaries with a puzzle: What models should we use to sculpt ourselves if we no longer look to divine grace or received authorities? Deftly uncovering the roots of this question in Rhineland mysticism, Pietist introspection, and the rise of the bildungsroman, Jennifer A. Herdt reveals bildung, or ethical formation, as the key to post-Kantian thought. This was no simple process of secularization, in which human beings took responsibility for something they had earlier left in the hands of God. Rather, theorists of bildung, from Herder through Goethe to Hegel, championed human agency in self-determination while working out the social and political implications of our creation in the image of God. While bildung was invoked to justify racism and colonialism by stigmatizing those deemed resistant to self-cultivation, it also nourished ideals of dialogical encounter and mutual recognition. Herdt reveals how the project of forming humanity lives on in our ongoing efforts to grapple with this complicated legacy.
eBook
Classical Humanism and the Challenge of Modernity
In scholarship, classical (Renaissance) humanism is usually strictly distinguished from 'neo-humanism', which, especially in Germany, flourished at the beginning of the 19 th century. While most classical humanists focused on the practical imitation of Latin stylistic models, 'neohumanism' is commonly believed to have been mainly inspired by typically modern values, such as authenticity and historicity.
Bas van Bommel shows that whereas 'neohumanism' was mainly adhered to at the German universities, at the Gymnasien a much more traditional educational ideal prevailed, which is best described as 'classical humanism.' This ideal involved the prioritisation of the Romans above the Greeks, as well as the belief that imitation of Roman and Greek models brings about man's aesthetic and moral elevation.
Van Bommel makes clear that 19 th century classical humanism dynamically related to modern society. On the one hand, classical humanists explained the value of classical education in typically modern terms. On the other hand, competitors of the classical Gymnasium laid claim to values that were ultimately derived from classical humanism. 19 th century classical humanism should therefore not be seen as a dried-out remnant of a dying past, but as the continuation of a living tradition.
eBook
Anthropology, standardization and measurement: Rudolf Martin and anthropometric photography
Recent scholarship on the history of German anthropology has tended to describe its trajectory between 1900 and the Nazi period as characterized by a paradigmatic shift from the liberal to the anti-humanistic. This article reconstructs key moments in the history of anthropometric photography between 1900 and 1925, paying particular attention to the role of the influential liberal anthropologist Rudolf Martin (1864–1925) in the standardization of anthropological method and technique. It is shown that Rudolf Martin's primary significance was social and institutional. The article reconstructs key stages in Martin's writing on and uses of photography and analyses the peculiar form of scientific debate surrounding the development of anthropometric photography, which centred on local and practical questions. Against the political backdrop of German colonialism in Africa and studies of prisoners of war during the First World War, two key tensions in this history surface: between anthropological method and its politicization, and between the international scientific ethos and nationalist impulses. By adopting a practical–epistemic perspective, the article also destabilizes the conventional differentiation between the German liberal and anti-humanist anthropological traditions. Finally, the article suggests that there is a certain historical irony in the fact that the liberal Martin was central in the process that endowed physical anthropology with prestige precisely in the period when major parts of German society increasingly came to view ‘race’ as offering powerful, scientific answers to social and political questions.
Journal Article
The German Historical School and Russian economic thought
Purpose - This paper is an attempt to sketch the influence of the German Historical School on the development of Russian economic thought at the boundary of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and, particularly, on the forming of its socio-ethical trend with an alternative approach in solving the \"social question\".Design methodology approach - The paper is designed as a brief outlook of the history of the Russian economic thought at the pre-revolutionary time and of the main theoretical debates on the paths of Russia's economic development.Findings - It can be seen that at the turn of the century a new socio-ethical trend of political economy in the Russian economic science was being shaped under the influence of the German Historical School's ideas and their creative re-evaluation. Representatives of this trend - Bulgakov, Miklashevsky, Tugan-Baranovsky and others - addressed the problems of \"social ideal\", \"social policy\" and ethical principle in political economy. They were promoting the social reforms as the path to social compromise.Originality value - The reconstructuring of Russia's political and economic system in the last decade of the twentieth century and transition to a market-oriented economy gave rise to a modern wave of debates over the fundamentals of economic theory. The present paper focuses on the importance of the humanistic approach in the theory of social economy that involves historical, philosophical, legal and others points of view on the economic life of society.
Journal Article
MEDICAL SELECTION: AUSCHWITZ ANTECEDENTS AND EFFLUENT
Medical selection in Auschwitz represents the penultimate application of the traditional paradigm of medicine: the physician as gatekeeper and decision maker. The historical evolution of that role is considered in the context of public health, medical police, quarantine, and immigration. In Nazi Germany the physician was assigned responsibility for selection on behalf of the state. The ethical implications of medical selection are considered in the context of medicine today in an age of sophisticated biotechnology, constrained resources, and an aging population; an age in which the medical profession has yet to establish a fundamental system of values.
Journal Article
Anthropology and Antihumanism in Imperial Germany
Lumsden reviews \"Anthropology and Antihumanism in Imperial Germany\" by Andrew Zimmerman.
Book Review
The evolution of secular Judaism
Secular Judaism may seem contrary to the essence of Judaism which is based upon religious faith and practice. The German Jewish philosopher Moses Mendelssohn influenced the introduction of secular studies to complement religious ones. He felt Jews should be 'enlightened' about their secular culture in Germany.
Magazine Article