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\"...unearths the mysteries of the Mawangdui (mah-wahng-dway) tombs, one of China's top archaeological finds of the last century. Miniature servants, mysterious silk paintings, scrolls of long-lost secrets, and the best preserved mummy in the world (the body of Lady Dai) are just some of the artifacts that shed light upon life in China during the Han dynasty.\"--Amazon.com.

By comparing peasant revolutions in Hunan and Jiangxi between 1926 and 1934, Revolutions as Organizational Change offers a new organizational perspective on peasant revolutions. Utilizing newly available historical materials in the People’s Republic of China in the reform era, it challenges the established view that the great Chinese revolution of the twentieth century was a revolution “made\" by the Chinese Communist Party (the CCP). The book begins with a puzzle presented by the two peasant revolutions. While outside mobilization by the CCP was largely absent in Hunan, peasant revolutionary behaviors were spontaneous and radical. In Jiangxi, however, despite intense mobilization by the CCP, peasants remained passive and conservative. This study seeks to resolve the puzzle by examining the roles of communal cooperative institutions in the making of peasant revolutions. Historically, peasant communities in many parts of the world were regulated by powerful cooperative institutions to confront environmental challenges. This book argues that different communal organizational principles affect peasants’ perceptions of the legitimacy of their communal orders. Agrarian rebellions can be caused by peasants’ attempts to restructure unjust and illegitimate communal organizational orders, while legitimate communal organizational orders can powerfully constrain the mobilization by outside revolutionary agents such as the CCP.

Granite-related wolframite-quartz veins are the world's most important tungsten mineralization and production resource. Recent progress in revealing their hydrothermal processes has been greatly facilitated by the use of infrared microscopy and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) analysis of both quartz- and wolframite-hosted fluid inclusions. However, owing to the paucity of detailed petrography, previous fluid inclusion studies on coexisting wolframite and quartz are associated with a certain degree of ambiguity. To better understand the fluid processes forming these two minerals, free-grown crystals of intergrown wolframite and quartz from the giant Yaogangxian W deposit in South China were studied using integrated in situ analytical methods including cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging, infrared microthermometry, Raman microspectroscopy, and fluid inclusion LA-ICP-MS analysis. Detailed crystal-scale petrography with critical help from CL imaging shows repetition of quartz, wolframite, and muscovite in the depositional sequence, which comprises a paragenesis far more complex than previous comparable studies. The reconstruction of fluid history in coexisting wolframite and quartz recognizes at least four successive fluid inclusion generations, two of which were entrapped concurrently with wolframite deposition. Fluctuations of fluid temperature and salinity during precipitation of coexisting wolframite and quartz are reflected by our microthermometry results, according to which wolframite-hosted fluid inclusions do not display higher homogenization temperature or salinity than those in quartz. However, LA-ICP-MS analysis shows that both primary fluid inclusions in wolframite and quartz-hosted fluid inclusions associated intimately with wolframite deposition are characterized by strong enrichment in Sr and depletion in B and As compared to quartz-hosted fluid inclusions that are not associated with wolframite deposition. The chemical similarity between the two fluid inclusion generations associated with wolframite deposition implies episodic tungsten mineralization derived from fluids exhibiting distinct chemical signatures. Multiple chemical criteria including incompatible elements and Br/Cl ratios of fluid inclusions in both minerals suggest a magmatic-sourced fluid with the possible addition of sedimentary and meteoric water. Combined with microthermometry and Raman results, fluid chemical evolution in terms of B, As, S, Sr, W, Mn, Fe, and carbonic volatiles collectively imply fluid phase separation and mixing with sedimentary fluid may have played important roles in wolframite deposition, whereas fluid cooling and addition of Fe and Mn do not appear to be the major driving factor. This study also shows that fluid inclusions in both wolframite and coexisting quartz may contain a substantial amount of carbonic volatiles (CO2 ± CH4) and H3BO3. Ignoring the occurrence of these components can result in significant overestimation of apparent salinity and miscalculation of LA-ICP-MS elemental concentrations. We suggest that these effects should be considered critically to avoid misinterpretation of fluid inclusion data, especially for granite-related tungsten-tin deposits.

The Sichuan Basin was a part of the Yangtze Carbonate Platform (YCP) during the Cambrian–Ordovician, and marine carbonates were deposited in the basin during this interval. Although previous studies have evaluated the paleogeography, paleoclimate and paleoecology of this basin, they have primarily focused on the paleoecology and biological evolution in the basin; however, analysis of paleogeography and paleoclimate is lacking. This study integrated outcrop sedimentological and magnetic fabric data to document sedimentary differentiation and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) within the YCP. The aims of this study were to infer paleowind directions during each epoch of the Cambrian–Ordovician and to constrain the paleogeographic location of the YCP. The northwestern, central and southeastern sides of the YCP were characterized by high-energy deposition (e.g. sub-angular to rounded intraclasts), medium-energy deposition (e.g. sub-angular to sub-rounded intraclasts) and low-energy deposition (e.g. angular to sub-angular intraclasts), respectively. The centroid D-Kmax values for the Early, Middle and Late Cambrian were 116° ± 52°, 145° ± 57° and 159° ± 62° from the present north, respectively; corresponding values for the Early, Middle and Late Ordovician were 169° ± 70°, 139° ± 73° and 91° ± 68° from the present north, respectively. Sedimentary differentiation and AMS results indicated that the prevailing wind directions during the Early Cambrian, Middle Cambrian, Late Cambrian, Early Ordovician, Middle Ordovician and Late Ordovician were 296° ± 52°, 325° ± 57°, 339° ± 62°, 349° ± 70°, 319° ± 73° and 271° ± 68° from the present north, respectively. The present study provides evidence for the location of the YCP during the Cambrian–Ordovician via the correspondence between the paleowind directions over the YCP and the trade winds in the Northern and Southern hemispheres. The novelty of this study lies in the following aspects: (1) it integrates microfacies and AMS analyses to establish paleowind patterns; (2) it constrains the paleo-hemispheric location of the YCP during the Cambrian–Ordovician; and (3) it provides a reference for further studies of the paleoclimate and paleogeography of the YCP during the Cambrian–Ordovician.

As rural governments have become hollowed out and detached from rural society, can they still effectively implement policies that lack popular support? This article examines a county in Hunan Province, where local governments had strong incentives to implement a national policy of increasing double cropping in rice farming. Small farmers rejected double cropping as unprofitable. Local governments’ limited capacity prevented them from either reshaping small farmers’ economic calculus or coercing compliance. They strategically selected a policy tool acceptable to most small farmers (paid land transfers) and gave new private large-scale producers incentives to double crop by providing subsidies and access to large tracts of farmland. The local governments now rely on large-scale producers as their agents for policy implementation and agricultural governance. This and the collusive relationship that has formed between the two are pushing small farmers out of agriculture.

Silicified microfossils are reported from nine stratigraphic sections of the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation deposited in shelf margin, slope, and basin environments in Hunan Province of South China. These microfossils include sphaeromorphic and acanthomorphic acritarchs (15 genera and 29 species, including three new acanthomorph species, Bullatosphaera? colliformis n. sp., Eotylotopalla inflata n. sp., and Verrucosphaera? undulata n. sp.), multicellular algae, tubular microfossils, and other problematic forms, representing major fossil groups similar to those from the Doushantuo Formation in more proximal facies (e.g., inner shelf and shelf lagoon). A database of the abundance and occurrences of Doushantuo acanthomorphs is assembled and analyzed using quantitative and data-visualization methods (e.g., rarefaction analysis, non-parametric multidimensional scaling, and network analysis). The results show that, at the genus and species levels, taxonomic richness of Doushantuo acanthomorphs exhibits considerable variation among facies, but this variation is largely due to sampling and taphonomic biases. The results also show that numerous acanthomorph taxa have broad facies distribution, affirming their biostratigraphic value. The analysis confirms that acanthomorphs in the Weng'an biota of shelf margin facies are composed of a mixture of Member II and Member III assemblages of shelf-lagoon facies in the Yangtze Gorges area. The study shows the biostratigraphic potential of acanthomorphs in the establishment of regional biozones using the first appearance datum of widely distributed taxa, highlighting the importance of continuing exploration of under-sampled Doushantuo sections in slope and basinal facies. UUID: http://zoobank.org/6fc92858-4054-4117-8043-1f06cfe77155

The Xikuangshan Sb deposit in central Hunan, South China is the largest Sb deposit in the world, which has supplied more than 50% of the world’s Sb and with total Sb metal reserves of about 2.5 Mt. However, the age of this deposit is still not well constrained due to a lack of suitable minerals for reliable radiometric dating, which hampered the generation of a generally accepted genetic model of mineralization. Since the fluid-inclusion data suggest that the temperature of ore-forming fluids in the Xikuangshan deposit is up to 360 °C, zircon (U-Th)/He thermochronometry with the closure temperature of 160–200 °C was chosen here to elucidate the age of Sb mineralization. Detrital zircons in the altered host rocks from the Xikuangshan deposit yielded two (U-Th)/He age populations of 156–117 and 97–86 Ma. The older age population (156–117 Ma), which is well in accordance with previous Sm-Nd dating on hydrothermal calcite (156–124 Ma), probably represents the timing of main-stage Sb mineralization in the Xikuangshan Sb deposit, while the younger zircon (U-Th)/He ages may result from partial loss of He in zircon caused by the distal effect of deep-seated intrusions beneath the deposit. This study demonstrates that the (U-Th)/He dating of zircon in altered host rocks can be viable for constraining the timing of low-temperature mineralization.

The Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation at Weng'an, South China hosts well-preserved phosphatized microfossils known as the Weng'an biota. A laser ablation ICP-MS analysis of rare earth element (REE) characteristics of the fossil-bearing black phosphorite unit of the Doushantuo Formation at Weng'an was conducted, with the aim of unravelling the depositional conditions and diagenetic processes during formation of the phosphorites. Spherical phosphatized microfossils and phosphatic clasts were analysed, and the REE data display middle REE (MREE) -enriched shale-normalized REE patterns. The spherical phosphatized microfossils show an increase in total REE contents (∑REE) from core to rim. Negative correlations between ∑REE and the extent of MREE enrichment over the other REE (indicated by LaN/SmN, YbN/SmN) are observed for analysed spots within individual phosphatic grains, which may be due to complex diagenetic history of the phosphatic grains, with fluctuations in REE sources and chemical parameters in a high-energy shallow-water environment being additional factors. The LaN/YbN and LaN/SmN characteristics of the phosphatic grains suggest they were mostly influenced by early diagenetic alteration rather than late extensive recrystallization. The negative Ce anomalies in the samples suggest they formed under oxic-bottom-water conditions. Positive Eu anomalies are present in all samples, and are likely to reflect involvement of hydrothermal fluids rather than changes in redox conditions of porewater. Overall this study has major implications for phosphorites as important archives for the study of geochemical proxies, the Ediacaran period and also evolutionary changes.

Hidden water disasters seriously affect the construction safety of coal mines and the life safety of technicians. In order to find out the spatial distribution of air-filled goaf and water-filled goaf in coal mines, opposing coils transient electromagnetic method (OCTEM) with high detection accuracy, high resolution, high sensitivity to abnormal bodies, and fast detection speed is used to carry out research. Through field data acquisition and inversion processing, the inversion profile, slice map, and three-dimensional shape rendering map of each survey line are obtained, and then the geological data are analyzed and explained. Finally, two low-resistance anomaly areas are delineated. One is speculated to be the old kiln goaf, and the other is speculated to be the water-filled goaf in the planning area in the next 5 years. After drilling verification, the speculation results are in good agreement with the actual situation. OCTEM provides an innovative technical basis for the detection of hidden hazards in mines, which has broad application potential in the field of mine exploration.

Detrital zircons are often used to constrain the maximum sedimentary age of strata and sedimentary provenance. This study aimed at reconstructing the Cryogenian palaeogeography of the Yangtze Domain based on U–Pb ages and Lu–Hf isotopic signatures of detrital zircons from sandstones in the southeastern part of the Yangtze Domain. U–Pb ages of the youngest detrital zircon grains from the Niuguping, Gucheng and Datangpo formations yielded average ages of 712±24 Ma, 679.2±6.2 Ma and 665.1±7.4 Ma, respectively, which are close to the depositional ages of their respective formations. An integrated study of detrital zircon Lu–Hf isotopes and U–Pb ages from three samples revealed six main peak ages in the samples from the Anhua section at c. 680 Ma, c. 780 Ma, c. 820 Ma, c. 940 Ma, c. 2000 Ma and c. 2500 Ma. The characteristics of the U–Pb ages and Hf isotopes indicate a link between the north and southeast margins of the Yangtze Domain as early as c. 680 Ma, and the provenance of the coeval sedimentary sequences in the SE Yangtze Domain was the South Qinling Block on the northern margin of the Yangtze Domain. The provenance analysis on the c. 680 Ma detritus composing upper Neoproterozoic strata in the Yangtze Domain revealed that the detritus was transported southward from South Qinling to the southeast margin of the Yangtze Domain through the Exi Strait, but was hindered by the Jiangnan Orogenic Belt.