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"Hydrochloric acid"
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Bridging methodological gaps in forensic science: A study of hydrochloric acid and human dentition
The use of acid to obscure human remains is a tactic frequently associated with criminal activity, yet research on its effects on human dentition remains inconsistent. Dental tissues, among the body's most durable components, play a vital role in forensic identification. However, existing studies on acid dissolution of dentition often lack standardized methods, resulting in findings that are difficult to reproduce or generalize. This study addresses these gaps by examining the effects of hydrochloric acid (HCl) on permanent maxillary molars under controlled conditions, using a replicable methodology that incorporates experimental controls and evaluates the impact of handling techniques such as removal, rinsing, and drying. Five permanent maxillary molar samples were submerged in HCl (37 %) under varied handling conditions. Findings reveal that undisturbed samples dissolved more slowly than those subjected to periodic removal and rinsing, which accelerated dissolution rates by over 100 %. This highlights the significant influence of handling techniques on experimental outcomes. The study also identifies inconsistent reporting and the absence of standardized protocols in prior research as critical barriers to reproducibility. By providing a clear and replicable framework, this study advances understanding of the dissolution process and emphasizes the importance of methodological rigor in forensic science. These findings have broader implications for improving the reliability of forensic evidence and ensuring its applicability in criminal investigations. Addressing these issues is essential for enhancing public trust in forensic methods and strengthening their role in the justice system.
•Clear, replicable research is critical to maintaining credibility in forensic applications.•Variability in dentition studies reveals critical gaps in forensic science's methodological rigor.•Introducing controls in forensic research can significantly improve the accuracy of findings.•It found that handling methods, like periodic rinsing, accelerate tooth dissolution compared to undisturbed conditions.•This study explores how hydrochloric acid affects human molars using a controlled, replicable approach.
Journal Article
Corrosion inhibition of mild steel in hydrochloric acid solution by the expired Ampicillin drug
This study examines the utilization of the expired drug, namely ampicillin, as a mild steel corrosion inhibitor in an acidic environment. The inhibitor was evaluated using weight loss and electrochemical measurement accompanied with surface analytical techniques. The drug showed a potential inhibitory efficiency of > 95% at 55 °C. The inclusion of the inhibitor increased the charge transfer resistance at the steel-solution interface, according to impedance analyses. According to potentiodynamic polarisation measurements, expired ampicillin drug significantly decreased the corrosion current density and worked as a mixed-type corrosion inhibitor. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm was followed by the adsorption of ampicillin drug on the steel substrate, exhibiting an association of physical and chemical adsorption mechanisms. The surface study performed using contact angle and scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM–EDS) measurements supported the inhibitor adsorption on the steel substrate.
Journal Article
Chlorine activation and enhanced ozone depletion induced by wildfire aerosol
Remarkable perturbations in the stratospheric abundances of chlorine species and ozone were observed over Southern Hemisphere mid-latitudes following the 2020 Australian wildfires
1
,
2
. These changes in atmospheric chemical composition suggest that wildfire aerosols affect stratospheric chlorine and ozone depletion chemistry. Here we propose that wildfire aerosol containing a mixture of oxidized organics and sulfate
3
–
7
increases hydrochloric acid solubility
8
–
11
and associated heterogeneous reaction rates, activating reactive chlorine species and enhancing ozone loss rates at relatively warm stratospheric temperatures. We test our hypothesis by comparing atmospheric observations to model simulations that include the proposed mechanism. Modelled changes in 2020 hydrochloric acid, chlorine nitrate and hypochlorous acid abundances are in good agreement with observations
1
,
2
. Our results indicate that wildfire aerosol chemistry, although not accounting for the record duration of the 2020 Antarctic ozone hole, does yield an increase in its area and a 3–5% depletion of southern mid-latitude total column ozone. These findings increase concern
2
,
12
,
13
that more frequent and intense wildfires could delay ozone recovery in a warming world.
Comparison of model simulations with atmospheric observations from the Southern Hemisphere mid-latitudes following the 2020 Australian wildfires shows that the wildfire aerosol composition promotes stratospheric chlorine and ozone depletion chemistry.
Journal Article
Effect of decalcification protocols on immunohistochemistry and molecular analyses of bone samples
Diagnosis of osteocartilaginous pathologies depends on morphological examination and immunohistochemical and molecular biology analyses. Decalcification is required before tissue processing, but available protocols often lead to altered proteins and nucleic acids, and thus compromise the diagnosis. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of different methods of decalcification on histomolecular analyses required for diagnosis and to recommend an optimal protocol for processing these samples in routine practice. We prospectively submitted 35 tissue samples to different decalcification procedures with hydrochloric acid, formic acid, and EDTA, in short, overnight and long cycles for 1 to >10 cycles. Preservation of protein integrity was examined by immunohistochemistry, and quality of nucleic acids was estimated after extraction (DNA and RNA concentrations, 260/280 ratios, PCR cycle thresholds), analysis of DNA mutations (high-resolution melting) or amplifications (PCR, in situ hybridization), and detection of fusion transcripts (RT-PCR, in situ hybridization). Hydrochloric acid- and long-term formic acid-based decalcification induced false-negative results on immunohistochemistry and molecular analysis. EDTA and short-term formic acid-based decalcification (<5 cycles of 6 h each) did not alter antigenicity and allowed for detection of gene mutations, amplifications or even fusion transcripts. EDTA showed superiority for in situ hybridization techniques. According to these results and our institutional experience, we propose recommendations for decalcification of bone samples, from biopsies to surgical specimens.
Journal Article
Recycling and detoxification process of waste tire ash via acid leaching and neutralization
The possibility of a novel process of recycling and detoxification for waste tire ash, which contains hazardous Zn and Al, using acid leaching and neutralization was investigated. The waste tire ash mainly contains Zn, Al, Fe, Ca and Si. The leached contents of Zn, Al, and Fe with 1 mol/L of sulphuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) are almost same and the highest, while those of Ca with HCl is high and with H 2 SO 4 is almost zero due to the formation of gypsum (CaSO 4 ·2H 2 O). The optimum leaching condition is that waste tire ash was treated with 1 M H 2 SO 4 for 1 h at 60 °C (solid-liquid ratio is 125 g/L). The elution of Zn and Al from the residue via H 2 SO 4 leaching are 0.7 mg/L and 0.15 mg/L, respectively, which are lower than Japanese elution standard (Zn: 1 mg/L, Al: 0.2 mg/L), while those from raw ash are 3.3 mg/L and 1.4 mg/L. Zn-type layered double hydroxide (Zn-LDH) can be synthesized from leached liquor at 40 °C for 1 h by neutralization at pH 7. These results suggested that detoxified ash and environmental friendly material can be obtained from waste tire ash using H 2 SO 4 acid leaching and neutralization.
Journal Article
A Clean Process for the Recovery of Potash Fertilizer from Glauconitic Rock via Hydrogen Gas Pre-treatment and Mild Acid Leaching
Potassium (K) is an essential macronutrient for the healthy growth and development of crops but their conventional resources are only limited to a few countries. Deficiency of potash fertilizer in soil is a widespread problem for countries with no such potash deposits to meet the present as well as future food demands. In view of this, the present work investigates a novel interdisciplinary approach for the recovery of potash fertilizer from widely available glauconitic rocks. The rock sample containing ~ 6-8% K20 can be considered a potential alternative source of K-fertilizer. The characterization study revealed that the quartz, glauconite and K-feldspar are the major mineral phases, and the glauconite occurs in the form of ovoidal-shaped pellets. As potassium is trapped between di-octahedral T-O-T stable structure of glauconite, a combined process involving hydrogen gas reduction followed by mild hydrochloric acid leaching was developed to enhance the effective recovery of potassium. More than 99% of potassium dissolution was achieved with 20% (v/v) hydrochloric acid leaching at 802C for the sample reduced at 5002C in the presence of 20 mL/min of H2 gas flow rate for 2 h. The leach liquor was further treated to recover potassium as muriate of potash (MOP).
Journal Article
Divergent histopathological and molecular patterns in chemically induced interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome rat models
Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is a complex chronic pain disorder with an elusive etiology and nonspecific symptoms. Although numerous animal models with phenotypes similar to human disease have been established, no available regimen can consistently alleviate clinical symptoms. This dilemma led us to question whether current animal models adequately represent IC/BPS. We compared four commonly used IC/BPS rat models to determine their diverse histopathological and molecular patterns. Female rats were given single treatments with hydrochloric acid (HCL), acetic acid (AA), protamine sulfate plus lipopolysaccharide (PS + LPS), or cyclophosphamide (CYP) to induce IC/BPS. Bladder sections were stained for histopathologic evaluation, and mRNA expression profiles were examined using next-generation sequencing and gene set analyses. Mast cell counts were significantly higher in the HCL and AA groups than in the PS + LPS, CYP, and control groups, but only the AA group showed significant collagen accumulation. The models differed substantially in terms of their gene ontology and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathways. Our observations suggest that none of these rat models fully reflects the complexity of IC/BPS. We recommend that future studies apply and compare multiple models simultaneously to fully replicate the complicated features of IC/BPS.
Journal Article
Synergistic toughening of composite fibres by self-alignment of reduced graphene oxide and carbon nanotubes
The extraordinary properties of graphene and carbon nanotubes motivate the development of methods for their use in producing continuous, strong, tough fibres. Previous work has shown that the toughness of the carbon nanotube-reinforced polymer fibres exceeds that of previously known materials. Here we show that further increased toughness results from combining carbon nanotubes and reduced graphene oxide flakes in solution-spun polymer fibres. The gravimetric toughness approaches 1,000 J g
−1
, far exceeding spider dragline silk (165 J g
−1
) and Kevlar (78 J g
−1
). This toughness enhancement is consistent with the observed formation of an interconnected network of partially aligned reduced graphene oxide flakes and carbon nanotubes during solution spinning, which act to deflect cracks and allow energy-consuming polymer deformation. Toughness is sensitive to the volume ratio of the reduced graphene oxide flakes to the carbon nanotubes in the spinning solution and the degree of graphene oxidation. The hybrid fibres were sewable and weavable, and could be shaped into high-modulus helical springs.
Composite fibres made of polymers reinforced by carbon nanotubes are known for their exceptional toughness. Shin
et al
. make these composites even tougher, by self-aligning carbon nanotubes and reduced graphene oxide flakes within the polymer matrix.
Journal Article
Targeting of the pulmonary capillary vascular niche promotes lung alveolar repair and ameliorates fibrosis
Pulmonary fibrosis induced by repetitive chemical injury in mice involves cross talk among macrophages, endothelial cells and fibroblasts. Macrophages induce expression of the Notch ligand Jag1 in pulmonary capillary endothelial cells, leading to Notch pathway activation in perivascular fibroblasts and fibrosis.
Although the lung can undergo self-repair after injury, fibrosis in chronically injured or diseased lungs can occur at the expense of regeneration. Here we study how a hematopoietic-vascular niche regulates alveolar repair and lung fibrosis. Using intratracheal injection of bleomycin or hydrochloric acid in mice, we show that repetitive lung injury activates pulmonary capillary endothelial cells (PCECs) and perivascular macrophages, impeding alveolar repair and promoting fibrosis. Whereas the chemokine receptor CXCR7, expressed on PCECs, acts to prevent epithelial damage and ameliorate fibrosis after a single round of treatment with bleomycin or hydrochloric acid, repeated injury leads to suppression of CXCR7 expression and recruitment of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (VEGFR1)-expressing perivascular macrophages. This recruitment stimulates Wnt/β-catenin–dependent persistent upregulation of the Notch ligand Jagged1 (encoded by
Jag1
) in PCECs, which in turn stimulates exuberant Notch signaling in perivascular fibroblasts and enhances fibrosis. Administration of a CXCR7 agonist or PCEC-targeted
Jag1
shRNA after lung injury promotes alveolar repair and reduces fibrosis. Thus, targeting of a maladapted hematopoietic-vascular niche, in which macrophages, PCECs and perivascular fibroblasts interact, may help to develop therapy to spur lung regeneration and alleviate fibrosis.
Journal Article