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"Hydrochloric acid United Arab Emirates"
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Electroremediation of offshore muds contaminated with heavy metals
The electroremediation process requires much needed research work to be optimized for up-scaling and improving economic efficiency. This is particularly true when applying the technology to highly heterogeneous and complex mineralogy materials such as offshore sediments and muds. Laboratory batch tests were performed on field retrieved specimens of contaminated offshore muds near Abu Dhabi Ports of United Arab Emirates. The influence of various process parameters that determine the optimum operating conditions and sustainable enhancement of electrokinetic remediation was investigated. Excellent results of decontamination of seven heavy metals were achieved. The removal of heavy metals by management of the in-situ chlorine gas (Cl2) production was also investigated. The tests showed a high removal efficiency of heavy metals at the cathode end of cores after 24 hours of EK application in the presence of chlorine gas. In the initial tests, high electrokinetic flow potential was achieved; however, high levels of chlorine gas were produced in high-salinity environments. This was improved by controlling and maintaining a certain fraction of the chlorine gas (Cl 2) in place. The pH was controlled by the identified optimum fraction of chlorine gas maintained in-situ and transported from the anode to cathode. The transports of seven heavy metals were evaluated in this study. The chlorine gas can have two impacts on the transport of metals in the system. One is to oxidize the metal ions to a higher oxidation state and the second is to form chloride complexes, which will have higher mobility in the system. Determination of oxidation state and the subsequent metal chloride complex are left for future research. Electrokinetics is also proposed to improve acidizing operations, i.e., increase the penetration distance. Aqueous solutions of hydrochloric acid (usually 15%) are pumped into the carbonate formations to enlarge the pores and pre-existing fractures. However, the penetration distance of acid is very short. By applying D.C. current, one can drive the acid for long distances into the formation being acidized. According to Professor Chilingar, this is a unique discovery which will lead to doubling the oil reserves in carbonate reservoirs (60 % of World oil reserves reside in carbonates).
Dissertation
Inhibitors, cladded trees protect sour gas wells in Abu Dhabi
Continuous chemical inhibition has prevented corrosion downhole, and tests indicate that Inconel 625 cladding will protect the christmas trees on wells producing sour gas from the Thamama C reservoir.
Magazine Article