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"Hydrogen as fuel Computer simulation."
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PEM Fuel Cell Modeling and Simulation Using MATLAB
Although, the basic concept of a fuel cell is quite simple, creating new designs and optimizing their performance takes serious work and a mastery of several technical areas. PEM Fuel Cell Modeling and Simulation Using Matlab, provides design engineers and researchers with a valuable tool for understanding and overcoming barriers to designing and building the next generation of PEM Fuel Cells. With this book, engineers can test components and verify designs in the development phase, saving both time and money. Easy to read and understand, this book provides design and modelling tips for fuel cell components such as: modelling proton exchange structure, catalyst layers, gas diffusion, fuel distribution structures, fuel cell stacks and fuel cell plant. This book includes design advice and MATLAB and FEMLAB codes for Fuel Cell types such as: polymer electrolyte, direct methanol and solid oxide fuel cells. This book also includes types for one, two and three dimensional modeling and two-phase flow phenomena and microfluidics.
eBook
Functionalized graphene materials for hydrogen storage
With growing demands of energy and enormous consumption of fossil fuels, the world is in dire need of a clean and renewable source of energy. Hydrogen (H2) is the best alternative, owing to its high calorific value (144 MJ/kg) and exceptional mass-energy density. Being an energy carrier rather than an energy source, it has an edge over other alternate sources of energy like solar energy, wind energy, and tidal energy, which require a constant energy source dependent upon weather conditions. However, its utilization as an energy carrier has not yet been commercialized due to its poor storage performance, which is attributed to low gravimetric and volumetric densities of adsorbed hydrogen at ambient temperature and technological limitations in meeting the stringent parameters set by Department of Energy, USA. With exceptionally large surface area (2630 m2/g), porous nature, lightweight, and high chemical and thermal stability (melting point ~ 4510 K) along with the possibility of economical and scalable production, graphene-based solid-state porous materials have shown promising applications in efficient hydrogen storage. In this context, the present review discusses the recent advances and progress on the utilization of functionalized graphene, graphene oxide, and its derivatives for effective storage of hydrogen, along with important theoretical advancements via DFT calculations, first-principle calculations, and Monte Carlo Simulations, etc. Pristine graphene has poor hydrogen storage characteristics, and addition of dopants like boron and nitrogen or decoration by transition metals significantly improves the performance. In addition, graphene allows the tuning of surface curvature which can help in achieving a reversible hydrogen storage system with fast kinetics. The impact of external stimuli like electric field and strain on electronic structure of graphene is discussed with the applicability in achieving a highly controllable adsorption–desorption system. Finally, the review concludes with life cycle assessment of graphene-engineered composites for effective hydrogen storage applications, along with their energy and environmental implications.
Journal Article
Hydrogen Leakage Simulation and Risk Analysis of Hydrogen Fueling Station in China
Hydrogen is a renewable energy source with various features, clean, carbon-free, high energy density, which is being recognized internationally as a “future energy.” The US, the EU, Japan, South Korea, China, and other countries or regions are gradually clarifying the development position of hydrogen. The rapid development of the hydrogen energy industry requires more hydrogenation infrastructure to meet the hydrogenation need of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. Nevertheless, due to the frequent occurrence of hydrogen infrastructure accidents, their safety has become an obstacle to large-scale construction. This paper analyzed five sizes (diameters of 0.068 mm, 0.215 mm, 0.68 mm, 2.15 mm, and 6.8 mm) of hydrogen leakage in the hydrogen fueling station using Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) and HyRAM software. The results show that unignited leaks occur most frequently; leaks caused by flanges, valves, instruments, compressors, and filters occur more frequently; and the risk indicator of thermal radiation accident and structure collapse accident caused by overpressure exceeds the Chinese individual acceptable risk standard and the risk indicator of a thermal radiation accident and head impact accident caused by overpressure is below the Chinese standard. On the other hand, we simulated the consequences of hydrogen leak from the 45 MPa hydrogen storage vessels by the physic module of HyRAM and obtained the ranges of plume dispersion, jet fire, radiative heat flux, and unconfined overpressure. We suggest targeted preventive measures and safety distance to provide references for hydrogen fueling stations’ safe construction and operation.
Journal Article
Optimized design of planar solid oxide fuel cell interconnectors
Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are vital for alternative energy, powering motors effi-ciently. They offer fuel versatility and waste heat recovery, making them ideal for various applications. Optimizing interconnector structures is crucial for SOFC advancement. This paper introduces a novel 2D simulation model for interconnector SOFCs, aiming to enhance their performance. We initially construct a single half-cell model for a conventional interconnector SOFC, ensuring model accuracy. Subsequently, we propose an innovative interconnector SOFC model, which outperforms the conventional counterpart in various aspects.
Journal Article
Safe Design of a Hydrogen-Powered Ship: CFD Simulation on Hydrogen Leakage in the Fuel Cell Room
Adopting proton exchange membrane fuel cells fuelled by hydrogen presents a promising solution for the shipping industry’s deep decarbonisation. However, the potential safety risks associated with hydrogen leakage pose a significant challenge to the development of hydrogen-powered ships. This study examines the safe design principles and leakage risks of the hydrogen gas supply system of China’s first newbuilt hydrogen-powered ship. This study utilises the computational fluid dynamics tool FLACS to analyse the hydrogen dispersion behaviour and concentration distributions in the hydrogen fuel cell room based on the ship’s parameters. This study predicts the flammable gas cloud and time points when gas monitoring points first reach the hydrogen volume concentrations of 0.8% and 1.6% in various leakage scenarios, including four different diameters (1, 3, 5, and 10 mm) and five different directions. This study’s findings indicate that smaller hydrogen pipeline diameters contribute to increased hydrogen safety. Specifically, in the hydrogen fuel cell room, a single-point leakage in a hydrogen pipeline with an inner diameter not exceeding 3 mm eliminates the possibility of flammable gas cloud explosions. Following a 10 mm leakage diameter, the hydrogen concentration in nearly all room positions reaches 4.0% within 6 s of leakage. While the leakage diameter does not impact the location of the monitoring point that first activates the hydrogen leak alarm and triggers an emergency hydrogen supply shutdown, the presence of obstructions near hydrogen detectors and the leakage direction can affect it. These insights provide guidance on the optimal locations for hydrogen detectors in the fuel cell room and the pipeline diameters on hydrogen gas supply systems, which can facilitate the safe design of hydrogen-powered ships.
Journal Article
Numerical and Experimental Research on the Effects of Hydrogen Injection Timing on the Performance of Hydrogen/N-Butanol Dual-Fuel Engine with Hydrogen Direct Injection
Hydrogen injection timing (HIT) plays a crucial role in the combustion and emission characteristics of a hydrogen/n-butanol dual-fuel engine with hydrogen direct injection. This study employed an integrated approach combining three-dimensional simulation modeling and engine test bench experiments to investigate the effects of HIT on engine performance. In order to have a more intuitive understanding of the physical and chemical change processes, such as the stratification state and combustion status of hydrogen in the cylinder, and to essentially explore the internal mechanism and fundamental reasons for the improvement in performance of n-butanol engines by hydrogen addition, a numerical study was conducted to examine the effects of HIT on hydrogen stratification and combustion behavior. The simulation results demonstrated that within the investigated range, at 100 °CA BTDC hydrogen injection time, hydrogen forms an ideal hydrogen stratification state in the cylinder; that is, a locally enriched hydrogen zone near the spark plug, while there is a certain distribution of hydrogen in the cylinder. Meanwhile, the combustion state also reaches the optimal level at this hydrogen injection moment. Consequently, 100 °CA BTDC is identified as the optimal HIT for a hydrogen/n-butanol dual-fuel engine. At the same time, an experimental study was performed to capture the actual complex processes and comprehensively evaluate combustion and emission characteristics. The experimental results indicate that both dynamic performance (torque) and combustion characteristics (cylinder pressure, flame development period, etc.) achieve optimal values at the HIT of 100 °CA BTDC. Notably, under lean-burn conditions, the combustion parameters exhibit greater sensitivity to HIT. Regarding emissions, the CO and HC emissions initially decreased slightly, then gradually increased with advanced injection timing. The 100 °CA BTDC timing effectively reduced the CO emissions at λ = 0.9 and 1.0. CO emissions at λ = 1.2, and showed minimal sensitivity to the injection timing variations. Therefore, optimized HIT facilitates enhanced combustion efficiency and emission performance in hydrogen-direct-injection n-butanol engines.
Journal Article
Cleaning the Air and Improving Health with Hydrogen Fuel-Cell Vehicles
Converting all U.S. onroad vehicles to hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles (HFCVs) may improve air quality, health, and climate significantly, whether the hydrogen is produced by steam reforming of natural gas, wind electrolysis, or coal gasification. Most benefits would result from eliminating current vehicle exhaust. Wind and natural gas HFCVs offer the greatest potential health benefits and could save 3700 to 6400 U.S. lives annually. Wind HFCVs should benefit climate most. An all-HFCV fleet would hardly affect tropospheric water vapor concentrations. Conversion to coal HFCVs may improve health but would damage climate more than fossil/electric hybrids. The real cost of hydrogen from wind electrolysis may be below that of U.S. gasoline.
Journal Article
Prediction of Efficiency, Performance, and Emissions Based on a Validated Simulation Model in Hydrogen–Gasoline Dual-Fuel Internal Combustion Engines
This study explores the performance and emissions characteristics of a dual-fuel internal combustion engine operating on a blend of hydrogen and gasoline. This research began with a baseline simulation of a conventional gasoline engine, which was subsequently validated through experimental testing on an AVL testbed. The simulation results closely matched the testbed data, confirming the accuracy of the model, with deviations within 5%. Building on this validated model, a hydrogen–gasoline dual-fuel engine simulation was developed. The predictive simulation revealed an approximately 5% increase in overall engine efficiency at the optimal operating point, primarily due to hydrogen’s combustion properties. Additionally, the injected gasoline mass and CO2 emissions were reduced by around 30% across the RPM range. However, the introduction of hydrogen also resulted in a slight reduction (~10%) in torque, attributed to the lower volumetric efficiency caused by hydrogen displacing intake air. While CO emissions were significantly reduced, NOx emissions nearly doubled due to the higher combustion temperatures associated with hydrogen. This research demonstrates the potential of hydrogen–gasoline dual-fuel systems in reducing carbon emissions, while highlighting the need for further optimization to balance performance with environmental impact.
Journal Article
Design of a New Single-Cell Flow Field Based on the Multi-Physical Coupling Simulation for PEMFC Durability
The fuel cell with a ten-channel serpentine flow field has a low operating pressure drop, which is conducive to extended test operations and stable use. According to numerical results of the ten-channel serpentine flow field fuel cell, the multi-channel flow field usually has poor mass transmission under the ribs, and the lower pressure drop is not favorable for drainage from the outlet. In this paper, an optimized flow field is developed to address these two disadvantages of the ten-channel fuel cell. As per numerical simulation, the optimized flow field improves the gas distribution in the reaction area, increases the gas flow between the adjacent ribs, improves the performance of PEMFC, and enhances the drainage effect. The optimized flow field can enhance water pipe performance, increase fuel cell durability, and decelerate aging rates. According to further experimental tests, the performance of the optimized flow field fuel cell was better than that of the ten-channel serpentine flow field at high current density, and the reflux design requires sufficient gas flow to ensure the full play of the superior performance.
Journal Article