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The CII500K, the beginning of the hydrogeological transition
The new 1:500,000-scale Hydrogeological Map of Italy was presented at Remtech 2025 in Ferrara on September 17th and at the tural History Museum in Milan on September 25th. ISPRA and the Department of Earth Sciences at Università degli Studi di Milanohave prepared a comprehensive, tiol-scale alysis of water reservoir rocks, which we call “hydrogeological complexes\", with general information on their productivity. [...]
Journal Article
Another productive year for our Journal
In this year (2024), as in the past, our Jourl has provided an important contribution to hydrogeology. We can confirm that we have maintained a high level of editorial quality, with a good balance among the three pillars behind the jourl: a bridge between applications and research, the promotion of Italian hydrogeology, and the connection between it and the intertiol context, with particular focus on the Euro-Mediterranean region...
Journal Article
A process-based model for quantifying the effects of canal blocking on water table and CO.sub.2 emissions in tropical peatlands
Drainage in tropical peatlands increases CO.sub.2 emissions, the rate of subsidence, and the risk of forest fires. To a certain extent, these effects can be mitigated by raising the water table depth (WTD) using canal or ditch blocks. The performance of canal blocks in raising WTD is, however, poorly understood because the WTD monitoring data are limited and spatially concentrated around canals and canal blocks. This raises the following question: how effective are canal blocks in raising the WTD over large areas? In this work, we composed a process-based hydrological model to assess the peatland restoration performance of 168 canal blocks in a 22 000 ha peatland area in Sumatra, Indonesia. We simulated daily WTD over 1 year using an existing canal block setup and compared it to the situation without blocks. The study was performed across two contrasting weather scenarios representing dry (1997) and wet (2013) years. Our simulations revealed that, while canal blocks had a net positive impact on WTD rise, they lowered WTD in some areas, and the extent of their effect over 1 year was limited to a distance of about 600 m around the canals. We also show that canal blocks are most effective in peatlands with high hydraulic conductivity. Averaging over all modeled scenarios, blocks raised the annual mean WTD by only 1.5 cm. This value was similar in the dry (1.44 cm) and wet (1.57 cm) years, and there was a 2.13 fold difference between the scenarios with large and small hydraulic conductivities (2.05 cm versus 0.96 cm). Using a linear relationship between WTD and CO.sub.2 emissions, we estimated that, averaging over peat hydraulic properties, canal blocks prevented the emission of 1.07 Mg ha.sup.-1 CO.sub.2 in the dry year and 1.17 Mg ha.sup.-1 CO.sub.2 in the wet year. We believe that the modeling tools developed in this work could be adopted by local stakeholders aiming at a more effective and evidence-based approach to canal-block-based peatland restoration.
Journal Article
Water level variation at a beaver pond significantly impacts net CO.sub.2 uptake of a continental bog
The carbon (C) dynamics of northern peatlands are sensitive to hydrological changes owing to ecohydrological feedbacks. We quantified and evaluated the impact of water level variations in a beaver pond (BP) on the CO.sub.2 flux dynamics of an adjacent, raised Sphagnum-shrub-dominated bog in southern Canada. We applied the CoupModel to the Mer Bleue bog, where the hydrological, energy and CO.sub.2 fluxes have been measured continuously for over 20 years. The lateral flow of water from the bog to the BP was estimated by the hydraulic gradient between the peatland and the BP's water level and the vertical profile of peat hydraulic conductivity. The model outputs were compared with the measured hydrological components, CO.sub.2 flux and energy flux data (1998-2019). CoupModel was able to reproduce the measured data well. The simulation shows that variation in the BP water level (naturally occurring or due to management) influenced the bog net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO.sub.2 . Over 1998-2004, the BP water level was 0.75 to 1.0 m lower than during 2017-2019. Simulated net CO.sub.2 uptake was 55 gCm-2yr-1 lower during 1998-2004 compared to 2017-2019 when there was no BP disturbance, which was similar to the differences in measured NEE between those periods. Peatland annual NEE was well correlated with water table depth (WTD) within the bog, and NEE also shows a linear relation with the water level at the BP, with a slope of -120 gCO2-Cm-2yr-1m-1. The current modelling predicts that the bog may switch from CO.sub.2 sink to source when the BP water levels drop lower than â¼ 1.7 m below the peat surface at the eddy covariance (EC) tower, located on the bog surface 250 m from the BP. This study highlights the importance of natural and human disturbances to adjacent water bodies in regulating the net CO.sub.2 uptake function of northern peatlands.
Journal Article
Review: Hydrogeology of weathered crystalline/hard-rock aquifers—guidelines for the operational survey and management of their groundwater resources
Hard rocks or crystalline rocks (i.e., plutonic and metamorphic rocks) constitute the basement of all continents, and are particularly exposed at the surface in the large shields of Africa, India, North and South America, Australia and Europe. They were, and are still in some cases, exposed to deep weathering processes. The storativity and hydraulic conductivity of hard rocks, and thus their groundwater resources, are controlled by these weathering processes, which created weathering profiles. Hard-rock aquifers then develop mainly within the first 100 m below ground surface, within these weathering profiles. Where partially or noneroded, these weathering profiles comprise: (1) a capacitive but generally low-permeability unconsolidated layer (the saprolite), located immediately above (2) the permeable stratiform fractured layer (SFL). The development of the SFL’s fracture network is the consequence of the stress induced by the swelling of some minerals, notably biotite. To a much lesser extent, further weathering, and thus hydraulic conductivity, also develops deeper below the SFL, at the periphery of or within preexisting geological discontinuities (joints, dykes, veins, lithological contacts, etc.). The demonstration and recognition of this conceptual model have enabled understanding of the functioning of such aquifers. Moreover, this conceptual model has facilitated a comprehensive corpus of applied methodologies in hydrogeology and geology, which are described in this review paper such as water-well siting, mapping hydrogeological potentialities from local to country scale, quantitative management, hydrodynamical modeling, protection of hard-rock groundwater resources (even in thermal and mineral aquifers), computing the drainage discharge of tunnels, quarrying, etc.
Journal Article