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Adherence of patients to training/rehabilitation prescriptions is an important issue that physicians address without often being successful. (1) This is not the case of one of us, who has developed a progressive daily routine of full-body in-bed dynamic exercises since 2017. (2) UC gradually increased in number and intensity the daily training before performing the final morning goal: a series of push-ups on the floor until volitional fatigue. By the summer of 2025, he added isometric exercises maintaining the muscles’ contraction of each repetition for ten breaths (about 30 seconds), the “2025 new standard” for well fitted people. It consists of around 50 different dynamic or isometric exercises performed in different positions, lying down, sitting in and getting out of bed, standing and, finally, doing push-ups on the floor. Still lying in bed, the ten repetitions of the first ten dynamic exercises warm up almost all the body muscles. Then 10 sitting-in-bed dynamic exercises can be progressively added followed by thirty dynamic exercises performed while getting out of bed. For sedentary older adults, the initial warm-up should be performed slowly with just three repetitions per exercise, followed by the dynamic exercises performed sitting in bed and then standing. (1,2) Only the more experienced elders, who have been training for many months or years, should add progressively the isometric exercises: five while lying in bed, five while sitting-in-bed, twenty while getting out of bed, and seventy while standing with the back against a wall. The daily work out should always end with dynamic and or isometric push-ups either in bed or on the floor, performed until volitional fatigue, meaning the point at which the individual can no longer complete another repetition. Incremental isometric routines were introduced after testing blood oxygenation during night's rest and after the Bed-Gym-at-volitional-fatigue, using a pulse oximeter applied to the left medial finger. Surprisingly, at least to our knowledge, from 90-92% oxygenation during the night, the pulse oximeter jumps up to values of almost 100% immediately performing push-ups to volitional fatigue on the floor. (1) Whether this is an artifact of the pulse oximeter or the consequence of the deep, uncontrollable breathing induced by intense exercise is an open question. If this is true hyperoxygenation of the blood, it may be part of the mechanisms that improve not only skeletal and respiratory muscles, (3) but also brain, contributing to the mood-boosting effect of daily morning exercise. (1,2) Whatever the mechanisms, the effect on mood is like that induced by a glass of good Serprino, a Prosecco - like wine of the Euganean Hills (that slightly increases alcohol content in blood and brain), which we are encouraged to enjoy after the discussion of this presentation. In any case, what is certain is that oxygen therapy and hyperbaric oxygen therapy are helpful in many pathologies. (4,5).

Background Anesthesiologists administer excess supplemental oxygen (hyper-oxygenation) to patients during surgery to avoid hypoxia. Hyper-oxygenation, however, may increase the generation of reactive oxygen species and cause oxidative damage. In cardiac surgery, increased oxidative damage has been associated with postoperative kidney and brain injury. We hypothesize that maintenance of normoxia during cardiac surgery (physiologic oxygenation) decreases kidney injury and oxidative damage compared to hyper-oxygenation. Methods/design The Risk of Oxygen during Cardiac Surgery (ROCS) trial will randomly assign 200 cardiac surgery patients to receive physiologic oxygenation, defined as the lowest fraction of inspired oxygen (FIO 2 ) necessary to maintain an arterial hemoglobin saturation of 95 to 97%, or hyper-oxygenation (FIO 2  = 1.0) during surgery. The primary clinical endpoint is serum creatinine change from baseline to postoperative day 2, and the primary mechanism endpoint is change in plasma concentrations of F 2 -isoprostanes and isofurans. Secondary endpoints include superoxide production, clinical delirium, myocardial injury, and length of stay. An endothelial function substudy will examine the effects of oxygen treatment and oxidative stress on endothelial function, measured using flow mediated dilation, peripheral arterial tonometry, and wire tension myography of epicardial fat arterioles. Discussion The ROCS trial will test the hypothesis that intraoperative physiologic oxygenation decreases oxidative damage and organ injury compared to hyper-oxygenation in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, ID: NCT02361944 . Registered on the 30th of January 2015.

Intensive aquaculture systems have stimulated proper management in order to limit stressful stocking conditions and environmental impact. This should improve fish wellness and counteract adverse water characteristics such as high concentrations of carbon. The oxygen can be considered a key factor since critical conditions leading to chronic rise of blood catecholamines can depress the number and Oxygen-carrying capacity of erythrocytes. In this research, we evaluated the effects of variation in water oxygen (from 6 ± 1 to 13 ± 1 mg/L) on lymphocytes density in sea bass by using flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Gut, gill, and thymus T-cells were significantly enhanced in percentage in hyperoxygenated fish compared with normo-oxygenated group, while Peripheral Blood Leukocytes (PBL), head kidney, and spleen T-cells were not significantly different. Contrarily, in PBL, head kidney and spleen hyper-oxygenation treatment provoked an enhancement of B lymphocyte percentages. The distribution of positive T-cells in hyper-oxygenated fish varied in the organs and followed the relative increments/decrements observed in flow cytometry. This study remarks the sensitivity of sea bass adaptive immunocytes to oxygen concentration, evidenced by the modification of parameters. Sea bass culture under high-flow water recycling and at around 12–13 mg/L oxygen concentrations is therefore suggested to enhance the immune response capacity.

The effects of hyper-oxygenation and storage period of Macabeo and Airén white wines on color characteristics, phenolic, and volatile composition have been evaluated. Hyper-oxygenation treatment provoked a significant decrease in virtually all individual phenolic compounds in must, young wine, and one-year-aged wines, above all hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, flavonols, and the new GRP derivatives compounds (derived from 2- S -glutathionyl-caftaric acid or grape reaction product). Despite this fact, the contribution of the yellow color component ( b* ) of white wines derived from hyper-oxygenated musts was significantly higher in comparison with untreated ones, even after 1 year of bottle storage. On the other hand, the concentration of major volatile compounds and some alcohols (namely, C 6 alcohols, terpenes, and lactones) was higher in wines derived from hyper-oxygenated musts, but the hyper-oxygenation effect on volatile profile deeply depended on the grape variety. After 1 year of bottle storage, the significant differences were maintained and the content of some long-chain esters increased as a consequence of oxygen addition.

The effect of hyper-oxygenation of Airén white wines on color characteristics, phenolic composition, and volatile profile has been evaluated in different processing steps, not previously reported in conjunction: musts, musts during the alcoholic fermentation, resulting young wines and after 1 year of bottle storage. Hyper-oxygenation treatment achieved a positive effect on color stabilization by means of significantly lower contents of most important phenolic compound families (hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, benzoic acids, flavonols, and flavan-3-ols) in oxygen-treated musts in fermentation, young wines, and one-year-stored white wines. Therefore, browning was avoided in wines elaborated from hyper-oxygenated musts and their values of a* (green–red component of color) were maintained, in contrast to what occurred in control wines. With regard to volatile profile, the concentration of the majority of individual volatile compounds was significantly higher in wines derived from hyper-oxygenated musts, even after 1 year of bottle storage, especially those derived from alcoholic fermentation (alcohols: 2-methyl-1-butanol and 3-methyl-1-butanol, polar esters: ethyl lactate and ethyl glutarate, C 6 alcohols: 3-methyl-1-pentanol, and acetates: 2-phenylethyl acetate). This study enhances knowledge regarding the effects of hyper-oxygenation process during and after alcoholic fermentation and 1 year of bottle aging, especially as there is scarce literature available on the subject.

Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO 2 ) has been successfully used in several medical fields. The therapeutic effect is related to elevated partial oxygen pressure in the tissues. The pressure itself enhances oxygen solubility in the tissue fluids. HBO 2 has shown to affect angiogenesis, bone metabolism and bone turnover. Studies have been conducted to analyze the effects of HBO 2 therapy on periodontal disease. HBO 2 increases local oxygen distribution, especially at the base of the periodontal pocket, which inhibits the growth of anaerobic bacteria and allows the ischemic tissues to receive an adequate intake of oxygen sufficient for a rapid recovery of cell metabolism. It is increasingly being accepted as a beneficial adjunct to diverse clinical conditions. Nonhealing ulcers, chronic wounds and refractory osteomyelitis are a few conditions for which HBO therapy (HBOT) has been extensively tried out. The dental surgeons have found a good ally in HBOT in managing dental condition.

This chapter considers some of the decisions to be made and processes that may be undertaken during red and white winemaking, including the different methods and equipment that may be used. It concentrates on the de‐stemming and crushing decisions, methods of must concentration, choice of yeasts, colour and flavour extraction, and choice of press and methods of pressing. Reverse osmosis (RO) can be used to reduce the alcohol level in over‐concentrated fermented wine. Cryoextraction is a one method of must concentration but is seldom used, other than for the making of so‐called eiswein in Canada. There are three methods by which must or wine can be deliberately oxygenated, depending upon the purpose includes: hyper‐oxygenation, macro‐oxygenation and micro‐oxygenation (MOX). For white wines, the grapes may initially be gently bruised or completely crushed before pressing. A wine press may be categorised as either a continuous press or a batch press.