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The speed at which hyperlinks enable information to be disseminated poses challenges to legal regulation. In particular, major concerns arise over whether adherence to the Traditional Publication Rule would result in widespread liability. This paper explores how various jurisdictions have opted to tackle the issue of defamation via hyperlinks and highlights a shift towards a publisher-centric inquiry. This paper concludes by arguing that this shift is fundamentally at odds with the principles underlying the element of publication, and provides suggestions for how Singapore can consider approaching this issue moving forward.

Professor Barabási's talk described how the tools of network science can help understand the Web's structure, development and weaknesses. The Web is an information network, in which the nodes are documents (at the time of writing over one trillion of them), connected by links. Other well-known network structures include the Internet, a physical network where the nodes are routers and the links are physical connections, and organizations, where the nodes are people and the links represent communications.

What factors affect a scientist's choice of research problem? Qualitative research in the history and sociology of science suggests that this choice is patterned by an \"essential tension\" between productive tradition and risky innovation. We examine this tension through Bourdieu's field theory of science, and we explore it empirically by analyzing millions of biomedical abstracts from MEDLINE. We represent the evolving state of chemical knowledge with networks extracted from these abstracts. We then develop a typology of research strategies on these networks. Scientists can introduce novel chemicals and chemical relationships (innovation) or delve deeper into known ones (tradition). They can consolidate knowledge clusters or bridge them. The aggregate distribution of published strategies remains remarkably stable. High-risk innovation strategies are rare and reflect a growing focus on established knowledge. An innovative publication is more likely to achieve high impact than a conservative one, but the additional reward does not compensate for the risk of failing to publish. By studying prizewinners in biomedicine and chemistry, we show that occasional gambles for extraordinary impact are a compelling explanation for observed levels of risky innovation. Our analysis of the essential tension identifies institutional forces that sustain tradition and suggests policy interventions to foster innovation.

For decades, we tacitly assumed that the components of such complex systems as the cell, the society, or the Internet are randomly wired together. In the past decade, an avalanche of research has shown that many real networks, independent of their age, function, and scope, converge to similar architectures, a universality that allowed researchers from different disciplines to embrace network theory as a common paradigm. The decade-old discovery of scale-free networks was one of those events that had helped catalyze the emergence of network science, a new research field with its distinct set of challenges and accomplishments.

This article investigates electronic dictionaries under the framework of Systemic-Functional Multimodal Discourse Analysis (SF-MDA) and argues for improving their exemplification multimodally. Multimodal devices, if well coordinated, can help optimize e-dictionary examples in informativity, diversity, dynamicity and interactivity. The term multimodal exemplification is tentatively proposed under the umbrella of multimodal lexicography (Lew 2010), and defined as the selection and presentation of examples with multimodal devices for achieving greater effectiveness in exemplifying than language does alone, especially in an e-dictionary. Evidence shows that multimodal exemplification can expand the three metafunctional meanings of the e-dictionary discourse: ideational, interpersonal and textual. Ideational meaning can be enriched by not only multimodal examples per se but also cross-modal example-definition ties, and hyperlinks facilitate meaning flow in the semantic network. Interpersonal meaning can be expanded by user participation and design options, including those for page layout (spatial mode) and example genre style (verbal mode). Textual meaning can be reinforced by information value, composition, salience and framing. This article makes a first attempt to explore the intermodal relationship between a definition and the examples under the same sense, and to present a diagram illustrating a typical design of visual space in e-dictionaries. By exploring the special features of multimodal example texts, it may deepen our understanding of the emerging multimodal lexicography and complement multi-modal discourse studies from a lexicographical perspective. Keywords: E-DICTIONARY, EXAMPLE, METAFUNCTIONAL MEANING, MULTIMODAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS, MULTIMODAL EXEMPLIFICATION, MULTIMODAL LEXICOGRAPHY In hierdie artikel word elektroniese woordeboeke binne die raamwerk van Sistemies-Funksionele Multimodale Diskoersanalise (SF-MDA) ondersoek en geargumenteer ten gunste van die verbetering van hul multimodale toeligtingshulpmiddels. Indien multimodale hulpmiddels goed gekoördineer word, kan hulle help om die e-woordeboekvoorbeelde te optimaliseer ten opsigte van informatiwiteit, diversiteit, dinamiek en interaktiwiteit. Die term multimodale toeligting word tentatief voorgestel onder die oorkoepelende multimodale leksikografie (Lew 2010), en gedefinieer as die seleksie en aanbieding van voorbeelde met behulp van multimodale hulpmiddels ten einde groter effektiwiteit in toeligting te verkry as wat met slegs taal gedoen kan word, veral in 'n e-woordeboek Daar is bewyse dat multimodale toeligting die drie metafunksionele betekenisse van die e-woordeboekdiskoers kan uitbrei: begripvormend, interpersoonlik en teks-tueel. Begripvormende betekenis kan uitgebrei word nie alleen deur multimodale voorbeelde per se nie, maar ook deur tussenmodale voorbeeld--definisie verbintenisse, en hiperskakels vergemaklik betekenisvloei in die semantiese netwerk. Interpersoonlike betekenis kan uitgebrei word deur gebruikersdeelname en ontwerpopsies, insluitend dié vir bladuitleg (ruimtelike modus) en voor-beeldgenrestyl (verbale modus). Tekstuele betekenis kan versterk word deur inligtingswaarde, samestelling, treffendheid en raming. In hierdie artikel word 'n eerste poging aangewend om die intermodale verhouding tussen 'n definisie en die voorbeelde onder dieselfde betekenis te verken, en om 'n diagram aan te bied wat 'n ontwerp tipies aan die visuele ruimte in e-woordeboeke illustreer. Deur die spesiale kenmerke van multimodale voorbeeldtekste te verken, kan ons begrip van die groeiende multimodale leksikografie dalk verbeter word en kan die multimodale diskoersstudies vanuit 'n leksikografiese perspektief dalk aangevul word. Sleutelwoorde: E-WOORDEBOEK, VOORBEELD, METAFUNKSIONELE BETEKENIS, MULTIMODALE DISKOERSANALISE, MULTIMODALE TOELIGTING, MULTIMODALE LEKSIKOGRAFIE

Permanently cross-linked materials have outstanding mechanical properties and solvent resistance, but they cannot be processed and reshaped once synthesized. Non-cross-linked polymers and those with reversible cross-links are processable, but they are soluble. We designed epoxy networks that can rearrange their topology by exchange reactions without depolymerization and showed that they are insoluble and processable. Unlike organic compounds and polymers whose viscosity varies abruptly near the glass transition, these networks show Arrhenius-like gradual viscosity variations like those of vitreous silica. Like silica, the materials can be wrought and welded to make complex objects by local heating without the use of molds. The concept of a glass made by reversible topology freezing in epoxy networks can be readily scaled up for applications and generalized to other chemistries.

We introduce the concept of control centrality to quantify the ability of a single node to control a directed weighted network. We calculate the distribution of control centrality for several real networks and find that it is mainly determined by the network's degree distribution. We show that in a directed network without loops the control centrality of a node is uniquely determined by its layer index or topological position in the underlying hierarchical structure of the network. Inspired by the deep relation between control centrality and hierarchical structure in a general directed network, we design an efficient attack strategy against the controllability of malicious networks.