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This cohort study aimed to investigate the correlation between the severity of anxiety during laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) and fixation instability, as measured and plotted by the eye tracker during photo-ablation, and to develop a novel quantitative scale for anxiety-related fixation instability. LASIK was performed to correct myopia and hypermetropia with and without astigmatism in 2435 eyes of 2435 patients. Participants fulfilled the seven-item anxiety sub-score of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale questionnaire for scaling patients’ anxiety levels before LASIK into normal, borderline, and anxiety case groups. The eye-tracking pupil center position plots, patient’s heart rate, and surgeon-reported level of patient’s cooperation during the procedure were analyzed. An anxiety-related fixation instability score (FIS) was calculated, for which the best cut-off points to differentiate between normal, borderline, and anxiety case groups were defined. The FIS showed a high performance in separating participants into normal, borderline, and anxiety case groups and when used as a scale (0–90), values from 0 to 12 are considered normal, from 13 to 36 are considered borderline, and from 37 to 90 are considered anxiety cases. The FIS and scale are useful objective tools to quantify anxiety-related fixation instability during LASIK.

Background: Vision screening addresses the visual impairments that impact on child development. Tests of long-sightedness are not found in most school screening programmes. The evidence linking mild-moderate hyperopia and lack of progress in school is insufficient, although strengthened by recent findings of developmental problems in infants. Aims: To report on the relation between hyperopia and education test results in a cohort of primary school children. Methods: A total of 1298 children, aged 8 years, were screened for hyperopia on the basis of fogging test results. School test results (NFER and SATs) were compared between groups categorised by referral status and refractive error. Results: A total of 166 (12.8%) fogging test failures were referred for ophthalmic assessment. Ophthalmic tests on 105 children provided an accurate diagnosis of vision defects, for reference to their education scores. Fifty per cent of the children examined by optometrists required an intervention (prescription change, glasses prescribed, or referral). Mean (95% CI) NFER scores of children with refractive errors (summed for both eyes) >+3D (98.4, 93.0–103.8, n = 32) or >+1.25D (best eye) (99.3, 93.0–105.6, n = 26) were lower than the respective scores of children with a less positive refractive state (104.8, 100.7–108.9, n = 43) (103.6, 99.7–107.4, n = 49), the non-referred group, and total sample. The SATs results followed a similar trend. A high proportion of the fogging test failures (16%) and confirmed hyperopes (29%) had been referred to an educational psychologist, and the latter group contributed substantially to the poor education scores. Conclusions: The results of this study provide further evidence for a link between hyperopia and impaired literacy standards in children.

The number of older adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) has increased rapidly in the United States as part of the general \"graying\"of the country. This has presented challenges in maintaining the quality of life and health for these individuals in later years. Issues including diagnostic overshadowing (the tendency to overlook symptoms of mental or physical illness as causes for decline), lack of knowledge about aging in adults with IDD, and health care disparities are discussed in this article along with recommendations for clinicians to help them meet this growing challenge.

Because it is harder to justify hedonic purchases than utilitarian purchases, it is proposed that promotions will have a stronger positive effect on the purchase likelihood of hedonic than utilitarian products. This and related propositions are tested in multiple studies using a variety of product categories and promotions. The results demonstrate that promotions are more effective in driving purchase decisions when: (a) the product is hedonic rather than utilitarian; (b) the product is framed as more hedonic; and (c) the consumer has a hedonic rather than utilitarian consumption goal. Consistent with our conceptualization, the enhanced impact of promotions on hedonic purchases is attenuated when: (a) the hedonic product is intended as a gift for others; (b) consumers can construct justifications for their purchase ahead of time; (c) consumers are not accountable for their decisions; and (d) the promotion is contingent on purchasing additional product units (i.e., a quantity discount like “Buy 10, get 50% off”). Importantly, the present research reconciles and explains the seemingly inconsistent prior findings regarding the effects of price versus quantity promotions.

Background This study aimed to investigate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding strabismus among parents whose children have strabismus. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted among parents of children with strabismus at the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University between January and June 2024. A total of 459 parents were recruited using convenience sampling. Demographic information and KAP scores were collected and assessed using a self-designed questionnaire. Data were analyzed using group comparisons, and correlation analyses to assess distributions, differences between groups, and relationships among KAP scores. Results The study included 459 participants, of whom 247 (53.81%) were male. The mean knowledge, attitude, and practice scores were 11.80 ± 2.08 (possible range: 0–20), 37.73 ± 3.80 (possible range: 10–50), and 17.34 ± 2.94 (possible range: 5–25), respectively. The attitude scores were significantly influenced by the presence of hyperopia ( P  = 0.018), astigmatism ( P  = 0.032), surgical intervention ( P  = 0.048), and eye patch use ( P  = 0.024) in their children. In addition, practice scores were notably impacted by the parent’s education level ( P  = 0.015) and whether the child had myopia ( P  = 0.039). Pearson correlation analyses showed insignificant correlations between knowledge and attitudes ( r  = 0.071, P  = 0.131), attitudes and practices ( r  = 0.043, P  = 0.354), and knowledge and practices ( r = -0.091, P  = 0.052). Conclusions In our study, parents of children with strabismus exhibited low levels of knowledge and practices, despite high levels of attitudes towards managing the condition. To address these gaps, targeted educational interventions are essential, to enhance parental understanding of strabismus, including its causes, treatment options, and the importance of follow-up care. Clinical trial number not applicable.

This study analyzed the impact of corneal epithelial refraction on the correction of hyperopic and mixed astigmatism eyes treated with transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy. From the epithelial refraction provided by the diagnostic device, OCT correlations were evaluated with respect to manifest refraction. The postoperative outcomes showed a mean sphere of −0.03 D and a mean cylinder of −0.33 D, with 93% and 98% having 0.5 D, 1 D, or less spherical equivalent refractive error. The epithelium showed preoperative toricity: at 6 mm, the epithelium showed a compensational effect of ~15% for the refractive astigmatism, whereas at 3 mm, the compensation accounted for ~25% of the refractive astigmatism. No correlation was found between preoperative epithelial refraction and refractive deviation after hyperopic or mixed astigmatic transepithelial photorefractive treatment. This work provides insight into the refractive compensatory impact of the epithelium, suggests how one can benefit from that in transepithelial corrections, and sets a framework for the potential induction of errors in non-transepithelial corrections.

Objectives: To observe any association between mental health and potential contributors, i.e., BMI, eyesight, and number of screen-based devices in young adults. Methods: The study proceeded after obtaining the necessary ethical approval (Ref. # 689/ERC/CMH/LMC) from the institutional ERC at CMH LMC & IOD. It was a cross-sectional study, conducted with undergraduate students aged 16-25 years from June to September 2022 at Department of Physiology at CMH Lahore Medical College and Institute of Dentistry. Those who had any history of using CNS stimulants or depressants were excluded from the study. The data was collected via a pre-designed, validated questionnaire. Sample t-test, single tail one-way ANOVA, and post-hoc Tukey’s test were used for statistical analysis, ensuring a 95% confidence interval. Results: A non-significant percentage increase in mental well-being (MWB) score of 7.09% was found in males (p=0.142). No significant difference was observed in MBW scores and BMI (p=0.129), however, underweights showed the minimum scores (38.8±7.1). In all eyesight groups, no significant difference was noticed in MBW scores (p=0.316), though those who collectively present with hyperopia and myopia expressed minimum scores (35.4±9.8). The use of different screen-based devices showed a significant association with mental health (p=0.041), while the lowest MBW scores were found in those who were using only smartphones (38.9±8.0). There was no discernible difference in MWB for daily screen time. Conclusion: Students who used only smartphones had significantly lower MWB scores than those who used smartphones and laptops. The study found low MWB scores among underweight individuals and those who were with both eye-sight issues i.e. myopia as well as hyperopia. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.40.11.10742 How to cite this: Sadiqa A, Islam A, Chishti FF. Impact of eyesight, BMI, and the use of screen-based devices on mental well-being. Pak J Med Sci. 2024;40(11):2470-2474. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.40.11.10742 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.