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"Hysteria."
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The natural history of terms describing functional (neurological) disorders in the medical literature of the last 60 years
Background
Functional neurological disorders (FND), a subtype of functional disorders (FD), are a frequent motive for neurology referrals. The various presentations and the unknown physiopathology of FD have led to the multiplication of terms describing these disorders over the years.
Methods
We examined the FD-related articles published from 1960 to 2020 in PubMed and PsycINFO databases. We searched for:
psychogenic, somatization, somatoform, medically unexplained symptoms, hysteria, conversion disorder, dissociative, functional neurological disorder,
and
functional disorder
. Use rates in the title, abstract, keyword, or MeSH fields were collected over successive 5-year periods. After correcting for off-topic results, we examined proportional distribution over time, term associations, and disciplinary fields (neurology and psychiatry). Term impact was estimated via H-index and number of citations.
Results
We found that none of the terms is prevailing in the recent medical literature. We observed three trends in the use rates: stability, increase, and decrease of use over time. While most of the terms were present in a stable proportion of the publications,
hysteria
and
psychogenic
lost popularity over time. We found a differential preference for terminology between disciplines.
Functional neurological disorder
showed the highest citation impact, yielding 10% of highly cited publications.
Conclusion
We found a dynamic and evolving use of the different terms describing FD in the last 60 years. Despite the tendency to use the term
functional
in the recent highly cited publications, its low prevalence and coexistence with several other terms suggest that a precise, explanatory and non-offensive term remains yet to be found.
Journal Article
A case of hysteria : (Dora)
\"A Case of hysteria, popularly known as the Dora Case, affords a rare insight into how Freud dealt with patients and interpreted what they told him. The narrative became a crucial text in the evolution of his theories, combining his studies on hysteria and his new theory of dream-interpretation with early insights into the development of sexuality.\" --from back cover.
Book
The myth of mental illness : foundations of a theory of personal conduct
The most influential critique of psychiatry ever written, Szasz's classic 1974 book revolutionized thinking about the nature of the psychiatric profession and the moral implications of its practices.
Book
COVID-19 and the Political Economy of Mass Hysteria
In this article, we aim to develop a political economy of mass hysteria. Using the background of COVID-19, we study past mass hysteria. Negative information which is spread through mass media repetitively can affect public health negatively in the form of nocebo effects and mass hysteria. We argue that mass and digital media in connection with the state may have had adverse consequences during the COVID-19 crisis. The resulting collective hysteria may have contributed to policy errors by governments not in line with health recommendations. While mass hysteria can occur in societies with a minimal state, we show that there exist certain self-corrective mechanisms and limits to the harm inflicted, such as sacrosanct private property rights. However, mass hysteria can be exacerbated and self-reinforcing when the negative information comes from an authoritative source, when the media are politicized, and social networks make the negative information omnipresent. We conclude that the negative long-term effects of mass hysteria are exacerbated by the size of the state.
Journal Article
From hysteria to hormones : a rhetorical history
In From Hysteria to Hormones, Amy Koerber examines the rhetorical activity that preceded the early twentieth-century emergence of the word hormone and the impact of this word on expert understandings of women's health.
Shortly after Ernest Henry Starling coined the term \"hormone\" in 1905, hormones began to provide a chemical explanation for bodily phenomena that were previously understood in terms of \"wandering wombs,\" humors, energies, and balance. In this study, Koerber posits that the discovery of hormones was not so much a revolution as an exigency that required old ways of thinking to be twisted, reshaped, and transformed to fit more scientific turn-of-the-century expectations of medical practices. She engages with texts from a wide array of medical and social scientific subdisciplines; with material from medical archives, including patient charts, handwritten notes, and photographs from the Salpêtrière Hospital, where Dr. Jean Charcot treated hundreds of hysteria patients in the late nineteenth century; and with current rhetorical theoretical approaches to the study of health and medicine. In doing so, Koerber shows that the boundary between older, nonscientific ways of understanding women's bodies and newer, scientific understandings is much murkier than we might expect.
A clarifying examination of how the term \"hormones\" preserves key concepts that have framed our understanding of women's bodies from ancient times to the present, this innovative book illuminates the ways in which the words we use today to discuss female reproductive health aren't nearly as scientifically accurate or socially progressive as believed. Scholars of rhetoric, gender studies, and women's health will find Koerber's work provocative and valuable.
eBook
Systematic review of misdiagnosis of conversion symptoms and “hysteria”
Abstract Objective Paralysis, seizures, and sensory symptoms that are unexplained by organic disease are commonly referred to as “conversion” symptoms. Some patients who receive this diagnosis subsequently turn out to have a disease that explains their initial presentation. We aimed to determine how frequently this misdiagnosis occurs, and whether it has become less common since the widespread availability of brain imaging. Design Systematic review. Data sources Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, Cinahl databases, and searches of reference lists. Review methods We included studies published since 1965 on the diagnostic outcome of adults with motor and sensory symptoms unexplained by disease. We critically appraised these papers, and carried out a multivariate, random effect, meta-analysis of the data. Results Twenty seven studies including a total of 1466 patients and a median duration of follow-up of five years were eligible for inclusion. Early studies were of poor quality. There was a significant (P < 0.02) decline in the mean rate of misdiagnosis from the 1950s to the present day; 29% (95% confidence interval 23% to 36%) in the 1950s; 17% (12% to 24%) in the 1960s; 4% (2% to 7%) in the 1970s; 4% (2% to 6%) in the 1980s; and 4% (2% to 6%) in the 1990s. This decline was independent of age, sex, and duration of symptom in people included in the studies. Conclusions A high rate of misdiagnosis of conversion symptoms was reported in early studies but this rate has been only 4% on average in studies of this diagnosis since 1970. This decline is probably due to improvements in study quality rather than improved diagnostic accuracy arising from the introduction of computed tomography of the brain.
Journal Article