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5 result(s) for "II. Cultures de cour : modèles et débats"
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Luxe, vanité, luxure : quelques considérations sur les paradoxes des lois somptuaires concernant la garde-robe féminine en Italie, de la fin du Moyen Âge à la première partie de l’ère moderne
Au XVIe siècle, les lois somptuaires contrôlaient non seulement l’utilisation des vêtements et des ornements, mais aussi les banquets, les mariages, les baptêmes et les funérailles, pour défendre les valeurs traditionnelles d’austérité et de décorum. L’inquiétude des autorités est donc double, presque antithétique : d’une part l’importance de la circulation de l’argent, de l’autre la crainte d’une contamination entre les différents groupes sociaux. La réglementation des vêtements, en leur attribuant une valeur symbolique, ne manque pas de trouver des applications particulières, comme le fait de pouvoir reconnaître immédiatement l’appartenance à des groupes marginalisés, par exemple les femmes juives et les prostituées. La résistance féminine à la régulation somptuaire prolifère en tant que preuve importante de la prise de conscience de la marginalisation subie par les femmes, mais aussi de la valeur compensatrice et réconfortante du paraître. Le paradoxe de la polyfonctionnalité de la robe-signe féminine c’est que, selon la volonté des normes de la ville, il indique parfois le privilège, d’autre fois la marginalité, ce qui signale la signification ambiguë que l’on attribuait à l’apparence féminine.
Les pièges de la « parfection » – Sur les équivoques de la beauté féminine dans L’Heptaméron de Marguerite de Navarre
Dans l’Heptaméron (1559) de Marguerite de Navarre, la beauté est à la fois l’une des manifestations les plus tangibles et les plus ambiguës de la perfection. La beauté féminine, en particulier, semble enfermée dans un paradoxe. Cet article propose une lecture de la beauté féminine à travers deux grilles de lecture, en soulignant, premièrement, une perspective chrétienne pessimiste sur la perfection terrestre afin, deuxièmement, de comprendre les ambiguïtés de la beauté féminine dans le discours des contes d’amour courtois. Marguerite de Navarre subvertit les lectures univoques de la beauté féminine qui sont principalement déterminées par les discours masculinistes et les interprétations genrées de la perfection. En ajoutant un sens chrétien de la perfection, elle autorise des formes alternatives et paradoxales de perfection féminine, telles que le manque d’attraits, voire la laideur des femmes.
Ludovico Domenichi’s La donna di corte (1564) and the Paradoxical Representation of Female Perfection
Having dealt with the womanly virtues and what they share with male virtues in his work La nobiltà delle donne (1549), Ludovico Domenichi focuses in La donna di corte (1564) on the amorous behaviour of a specific type of woman: the palace lady, the harmonious counterpart to the courtier. In this article, I analyze the underlying ambiguity of Domenichi’s message. Making an effort to defend the perfection of women without being highly critical of men, Domenichi suggests that the emancipation implied by the public role of court entertainment is in fact constantly controlled through an education based on pudicitia and honestà. He has no intention of changing either the social order or the role of women.
Paradoxical Philogyny: The Comtesse de Murat’s Defense of Women and Female Friendship in Dialogue with François Poullain de la Barre and Gabrielle Suchon
In her memoirs, the Comtesse de Murat replies to the long list of misogynist accusations made in Abbé de Villiers’s Mémoires de la vie du comte D*** avant sa retraite (1696) by criticizing gender inequalities and by emphasizing female virtue. This article focuses on Murat’s positive representation of female friendship, whereby she denounces Villiers’s allegation that women’s affection is guided by greed. While Murat’s protagonist proves the contrary through her devoted comradeship with Mademoiselle Laval, not all female relationships in Murat’s memoirs are portrayed in a favourable light. The protagonist’s femme de chambre, for example, confirms Villiers’s critique of female covetousness and disloyalty. Even the relationship between the protagonist and Mademoiselle Laval is tarnished by sapphic allusions that are, however, outwardly denied. This article analyzes Murat’s paradoxical representation of women that builds on pro-feminist arguments by François Poullain de la Barre and Gabrielle Suchon. Yet, this paradox is lessened in Murat through the attribution of immoral acts to both sexes. Furthermore, the intimate connection between Mademoiselle Laval and the protagonist lends itself to a double entendre that advocates for homoeroticism and a preference for female-centred communities over heterosexual relationships.
The Paradox of Shape: On the Representation of Women in the Sixteenth Century
In the third part of his Dialogus de viris et foeminis aetate nostra florentibus, Paolo Giovio lists over one hundred illustrious women of his time and paints an unusual picture of Italian society. The catalogue is not a review of the virtues or superiority of women but rather an account of the political use of female representations. Women are associated with the political status of a city, and all references to the physicality of women illustrate the paradox of politics itself. The female body is used as a test case to examine the exercise of power and to demonstrate the reasons for different political strategies in different courts before the dramatic Sack of Rome in 1527. Through an analysis of the Dialogus and comparison with other contemporary treatises on female figures, this article highlights the political use of the female shape, described and paradoxically modified, according to government strategy. A salient example is the ambiguous representation of Vittoria Colonna, seen by Paolo Giovio as the model for women in the Renaissance.