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\"Nineteen-year-old Nayeli works at a taco shop in her Mexican village and dreams about her father, who journeyed to the US when she was young. Recently, it has dawned on her that he isn't the only man who has left town. In fact, there are almost no men in the village--they've all gone north. While watching The Magnificent Seven, Nayeli decides to go north herself and recruit seven men--her own \"Siete Magnâificos\"--to repopulate her hometown and protect it from the bandidos who plan on taking it over.\"--Provided by publisher.

In 'Irregular Migrants in Belgium and the Netherlands', Masja van Meeteren studies the different ways in which irregular migrants live in Belgium and the Netherlands. The book offers an empirically grounded theoretical critique of the dominant research practice that focuses on 'survival strategies', relies on comparisons of migrant communities and overemphasizes structural explanations. Instead, Irregular Migrants takes irregular migrants´ aspirations as a starting point of analysis. Based on this innovative research approach, key questions are answered regarding the lives of irregular migrants. How can we understand their patterns of economic and social incorporation, the transnational activities they engage in, and the significance of different forms of capital? Drawing on intensive participant observation, as well as more than two hundred in-depth interviews with irregular migrants and representatives of organizations that are involved with them, Irregular Migrants develops much-needed contextualized insights. As such, it sheds new light on previous research findings and various deadlocked scholarly debates on irregular migrants in Western societies.

The external borders of the European Union are becoming increasingly difficult to cross each year. Migrants deprived of legal entry into the EU still attempt to do so illegally. Neither the introduction of visa restrictions nor the closure of borders has reduced the phenomenon of illegal border crossings. The aim of this article is to investigate and describe the harraga phenomenon, which consists of the illegal crossing of the southern sea borders of the European Union by citizens of the Maghreb countries. The author will endeavour to explain the causes and motivations of migrants, with a primary focus on Algerians. In Algeria, the harraga phenomenon differs from other types of migration, and there are political and social reasons behind this phenomenon. Algerian harraga follows its own logic of circumventing restrictions and crossing borders illegally. Risking their lives to leave the country, Algerians view this as their last hope of reaching the ‘European El Dorado’. Obtaining a visa in Algeria today has become a far more challenging undertaking than the perilous crossing of the Mediterranean Sea. For young people, often coming from large working-class families, ‘burning the borders’ is the only way to reach Europe and pursue a different life, often precarious but more stable. Algerians travel to Spain, Italy and Malta, crossing the waters of the Mediterranean Sea, but their primary destination remains France – where economic and social conditions significantly motivate individuals to undertake the dangerous journey to Europe. The research methods used in the article include a literature review, data analysis, synthesis, comparison and case study.

Also labeled undocumented, irregular, and unauthorized migration, illegal migration places immigrants in tenuous legal circumstances with limited rights and protections. We argue that illegal migration emerged as a structural feature of the second era of capitalist globalization, which emerged in the late twentieth century and was characterized by international market integration. Unlike the first era of capitalist globalization (1800 to 1929), the second era sees countries limiting and controlling international migration and creating a global economy in which all markets are globalized except for labor and human capital, giving rise to the relatively new phenomenon of illegal migration. Yet despite rampant inequalities in wealth and income between nations, only 3.1 percent of all people lived outside their country of birth in 2010. We expect this to change: threat evasion is replacing opportunity seeking as a motivation for international migration because of climate change and rising levels of civil violence in the world's poorer nations. The potential for illegal migration is thus greater now than in the past, and more nations will be forced to grapple with growing populations in liminal legal statuses.

Do general amnesty programs lead to reductions in the crime rate among immigrants? We answer this question by exploiting cross-sectional and time variation in the number of immigrants legalized by the enactment of repeated amnesty programs between 1990 and 2005 in Italy. We address the potential endogeneity of the ‘legalization treatment’ by instrumenting the actual number of legalized immigrants with alternative predicted measures based on past amnesty applications patterns and residential choices of documented and undocumented immigrants. We find that, in the year following an amnesty, regions in which a higher share of immigrants obtained legal status experienced a greater decline in non-EU immigrant crime rates, relative to other regions. The effect is statistically significant but relatively small and not persistent. In further results, we fail to find any evidence of substitution in the criminal market from other population groups—namely, EU immigrants and Italian citizens—and we observe a small and not persistent reduction in total offenses.

Illegal migration is a major ongoing crisis affecting Europe, but, also, a global one. While the causes determining people to leave their habitat are diverse (violent conflicts, social unrest, economic problems, effects of the climate change and so on), what is obvious is that the migrant smugglers ruthlessly try to take advantage on their plight for profit purposes. In this regard, INTERPOL’s assistance to the national authorities, as well as its cooperation with other international organisations and agencies operating in the field of law enforcement cooperation, in countering migrant smuggling, is hugely important. As migrant trafficking is one of the driving forces of illegal migration, in the author’s opinion, in order to better counter the complex migrant smuggling networks, it would be needed a more comprehensive, targeted and tailored approach meant to facilitate simultaneous, quicker and coordinated operations in multiple jurisdictions.Aim: To describe the contribution of trafficking in migrants to the exacerbation of illegal migration, the role of INTERPOL in assisting European Union and its relevant agencies, as well as to contemplate to new ideas leading to solutions meant to tackle more effectively this scourge.Methodology: Having a solid experience in combating migrant smuggling, both at the operational and strategic level, as well as in the field of international Police cooperation, the Author, using both an empirical and a descriptive approach, tries to highlight the main elements of the problem based on which to contribute to a debate aimed at finding ideas and solutions for improving the efficiency of the fight against this criminal phenomenon, concerning the European continent and a wider area.Findings: The migrant smuggling networks are intrinsically connected to the phenomenon of illegal migration, looking to exploit its causes and take advantage on people’s vulnerabilities. These networks, which could be very dynamic and complex, easily spreads and infiltrates across national jurisdictions, requiring a strong response on behalf of the law enforcement agencies, which cannot be effective enough without ensuring a solid, smart and flexible international cooperation process, both at strategic and practical level. In this respect, INTERPOL’s role, alongside its partners at European and global level is essential.Value: The author’s purpose is that of describing the complexity and the implications of migrant smuggling on Europe, as well as to propose a more pragmatic, tailored and coordinated approach for fighting this phenomenon. Az illegális migráció Európát érintő, de egyben globális válság. Bár az okok, amelyek miatt az emberek elhagyják lakóhelyüket, sokfélék (erőszakos konfliktusok, társadalmi nyugtalanság, gazdasági problémák, az éghajlatváltozás hatásai stb.), az nyilvánvaló, hogy a migránscsempészek könyörtelenül megpróbálják kihasználni nyomorúságos helyzetüket, hogy profitot termeljenek belőle. Ebben a tekintetben rendkívül fontos az Interpol segítségnyújtása a nemzeti hatóságoknak, valamint a bűnüldözési együttműködés területén működő más nemzetközi szervezetekkel és ügynökségekkel való együttműködése a migránscsempészet elleni küzdelemben. Mivel a migránscsempészet az illegális migráció egyik hajtóereje, a szerző véleménye szerint az összetett migránscsempész-hálózatok elleni hatékonyabb fellépés érdekében átfogóbb, célzottabb és testre szabottabb megközelítésre lenne szükség, amely az egyidejű, gyorsabb és összehangolt műveletek megkönnyítését célozza több joghatóság területén.Cél: Bemutatni, hogy a migránsok csempészése hogyan járul hozzá az illegális migráció súlyosbodásához, illetve az Interpol szerepének ismertetése az Európai Unió és az illetékes ügynökségek támogatásában, valamint új ötleteket keresni, amelyek megoldásokat kínálnak e probléma hatékonyabb kezelésére.Módszertan: A migránscsempészet elleni küzdelem terén mind operatív, mind stratégiai szinten, valamint a nemzetközi rendőrségi együttműködés területén szerzett komoly tapasztalatok birtokában a szerző empirikus és leíró megközelítést alkalmazva igyekszik rávilágítani a probléma fő elemeire, és ennek alapján hozzájárulni ahhoz a vitához, amelynek célja, hogy ötleteket és megoldásokat találjon az e bűnügyi jelenség elleni küzdelem hatékonyságának javítására az európai kontinensen és a tágabb térségben.Megállapítások: A migránscsempész-hálózatok szervesen kapcsolódnak az illegális migráció jelenségéhez, és igyekeznek kihasználni annak okait, valamint kihasználni az emberek kiszolgáltatottságát. Ezek a hálózatok, amelyek igen dinamikusak és összetettek lehetnek, könnyen elterjednek és beszivárognak a nemzeti joghatóságokba, ami a bűnüldöző szervek részéről határozott válaszlépéseket igényel, amelyek nem lehetnek elég hatékonyak egy megbízható, gyors és rugalmas nemzetközi együttműködési folyamat biztosítása nélkül, mind stratégiai, mind gyakorlati szinten. Ebben a tekintetben az Interpol szerepe európai és globális szintű partnereivel együtt alapvető fontosságú.Érték: A szerző célja, hogy bemutassa a migránscsempészet összetettségét és következményeit Európára nézve, valamint hogy pragmatikusabb, személyre szabottabb és összehangoltabb megközelítést javasoljon a jelenség elleni küzdelemhez.

This book surveys the many different ways in which irregular migrants settle and make a living in Belgium and the Netherlands. Offering an empirically grounded theoretical critique of the dominant research's focus on survival strategies, overreliance on comparisons of migrant communities, and overemphasis on structural explanations, Masja van Meeteren instead takes the aspirations of irregular migrants as her starting point, which opens up fascinating new questions about their lives and roles in their new home nations.

PurposeIn this paper, the authors suggest that Central Americans can use entrepreneurship to solve economic uncertainty in their home country and that entrepreneurship can contribute to reducing the number of undocumented migrants to the USA.Design/methodology/approachThe authors first illustrate the context of Central American illegal migration to the USA from a transitional entrepreneurship perspective, the authors address the economic drivers of illegal migration from Central America, which results in marginalization in the USA. Second, the authors build a theoretical model that suggests that Central Americans can improve their entrepreneurial abilities through the entrepreneurial cognitive adjustment mechanism.FindingsCentral Americans at risk of illegally migrating to the USA have high entrepreneurial aptitudes. Entrepreneurship can help them avoid the economic uncertainty that drives Central Americans to illegally migrate to the USA and become part of a marginalized community of undocumented immigrants. This conceptual paper introduces an entrepreneurial cognitive adjustment mechanism as a tool for Central Americans to reshape their personalities and increase their entrepreneurial abilities in their home countries. In particular, entrepreneurial intentions reshape the personality characteristics of individuals (in terms of high agreeableness and openness to experiences, as well as low neuroticism) through the entrepreneurial cognitive adjustment mechanism, which consists of reflective action in sensemaking, cognitive frameworks in pattern recognition and coping in positive affect.Originality/valueThis paper studies Central Americans at risk of illegal migration using the lens of transitional entrepreneurship, which advances the understanding of the antecedents to marginalized immigrant communities in the USA and suggests a possible solution for this phenomenon. Besides, the authors build a cognitive mechanism to facilitate the transitional process starting from entrepreneurial intention to reshaping individuals' personality, which further opens individuals' minds to entrepreneurial opportunities. Since entrepreneurial intention applies the same way to all entrepreneurs, the authors' aim of constructing the entrepreneurial intention unfolding process will go beyond transitional entrepreneurship and contribute to intention-action knowledge generation (Donaldson et al., 2021). Moreover, the conceptual study contributes to public policy such that international and local agencies can better utilize resources and implement long-term solutions to the drivers of illegal migration from Central America to the USA.

This research delved into the complex phenomenon of illegal migration from Pakistan to Europe, aiming to uncover the underlying factors that drive individuals to embark on perilous journeys in search of a brighter future. Quantitative research gathered data from 500 illegal and potential migrants, enriched with insights from NGOs, government bodies, and community leaders. The findings reveal that economic instability, political turmoil, and social challenges are the primary catalysts for illegal migration. High unemployment, rampant inflation, and limited resources create a dire living situation for many, compelling them to seek opportunities abroad. Notably, young men aged 20-35 make up the majority of illegal migrants, driven by the pursuit of better employment prospects and improved living conditions. The study concludes with targeted policy recommendations, urging policymakers to focus on job creation, poverty alleviation, economic reforms, and political stability. The research suggests that by addressing these root causes, Pakistan can mitigate the pressures of illegal migration and foster safer, legal migration pathways for its citizens.