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"IMPACT EVENTS"
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The Olympic Games and the environment
Nowadays, sports Mega-events - with the Olympic Games leading the way, go to immense effort to showcase their environmental credentials. With that in mind, this book compares and contrasts the environmental credentials of four Olympic Host cities starting with Sydney 2000, the host of the first Green Summer Olympics, and culminating with London 2012. Setting out a comparative cross-national study that makes extensive use of perspectives offered by environmental sociology, this book showcases the scientific analytical vigour of this sociological sub-discipline. Since in most cases, the linkages between hosting the Games and the environment that are made by the general public and policy-makers are mostly in relation to the regeneration of the host city, this book engages with this type of environmental related contributions that can be made by Olympic Games hosting. Yet, inspired by the emphasis that the International Olympic Committee (IOC) gives on the environmental impact and legacy of Games in terms of the Ecological Modernization (EM) perspective, the book engages with the potential imbued by Olympic Games hosting for the EM of the host nation.
Book
Event‐Based Storylines to Address Climate Risk
The climate science community is challenged to adopt an actionable risk perspective, which is difficult to align with the traditional focus on model‐based probabilistic climate change projections. Event‐based storylines can provide a way out of this conundrum by putting emphasis on plausibility rather than probability. This links directly to common practices in disaster risk management using “stress‐testing” for emergency preparedness based on events that are conditional on specific and plausible assumptions. Event‐based storylines allow for conditional explanations, without full attribution of every causal factor, which is crucial when some aspects of the latter are complex and highly uncertain. Plain Language Summary One of today's major challenges is how to use insights and information from climate sciences to inform decision‐making regarding managing risks from climate change, where weather and climate extremes represent a major component of climate‐related risk. So far, climate science has taken a probabilistic approach producing large model ensembles and exploring likely ranges, thereby neglecting low‐likelihood but potentially high‐impact events that pose significant risks to society. Event‐based storylines are emerging as an alternative way to explore future high‐impact events while taking into account aspects of vulnerability and exposure of the considered system with an emphasis on plausibility rather than probability. This concept links directly to common practices in disaster risk management using “stress‐testing” for emergency preparedness based on events that are conditional on specific, but plausible assumptions. When co‐developed by climate scientists and stakeholders, event‐based storylines can be informed by physical climate and impact modeling and can provide a useful way of communicating and assessing climate‐related risk in a specific decision‐making context. Key Points Event‐based storylines are a way to communicate and assess climate risk taking into account aspects of vulnerability and exposure Event‐based storylines focus on plausibility rather than probability when looking at high‐impact events Event‐based storylines can provide climate information that feeds directly into a particular decision‐making context
Journal Article
Potential impacts of tephra fallout from a large-scale explosive eruption at Sakurajima volcano, Japan
We present an exposure analysis of infrastructure and lifeline to tephra fallout for a future large-scale explosive eruption of Sakurajima volcano. An eruption scenario is identified based on the field characterization of the last subplinian eruption at Sakurajima and a review of reports of the eruptions that occurred in the past six centuries. A scenario-based probabilistic hazard assessment is performed using the Tephra2 model, considering various eruption durations to reflect complex eruptive sequences of all considered reference eruptions. A quantitative exposure analysis of infrastructures and lifelines is presented primarily using open-access data. The post-event impact assessment of Magill et al. (Earth Planets Space 65:677–698, 2013) after the 2011 VEI 2 eruption of Shinmoedake is used to discuss the vulnerability and the resilience of infrastructures during a future large eruption of Sakurajima. Results indicate a main eastward dispersal, with longer eruption durations increasing the probability of tephra accumulation in proximal areas and reducing it in distal areas. The exposure analysis reveals that 2300 km of road network, 18 km
2
of urban area, and 306 km
2
of agricultural land have a 50% probability of being affected by an accumulation of tephra of 1 kg/m
2
. A simple qualitative exposure analysis suggests that the municipalities of Kagoshima, Kanoya, and Tarumizu are the most likely to suffer impacts. Finally, the 2011 VEI 2 eruption of Shinmoedake demonstrated that the already implemented mitigation strategies have increased resilience and improved recovery of affected infrastructures. Nevertheless, the extent to which these mitigation actions will perform during the VEI 4 eruption presented here is unclear and our hazard assessment points to possible damages on the Sakurajima peninsula and the neighboring municipality of Tarumizu.
Journal Article
Large-scale sport events and well-being: Exploring residents’ pre-event perspectives
Large-Scale Sport Events (LSSE) are increasingly contested as host cities balance the benefits and costs of these events. Residents are a stakeholder group heavily impacted by LSSE given their rootedness in the host city over the event lifecycle spanning: bid submission, awarding of host rights, pre-event planning, event delivery, post-event shutdown and beyond. Yet, limited focus has been placed on understanding residents' perceptions of LSSE impacts in the pre-event period. Twenty-seven semi-structured interviews, guided by Seligman’s (2011) PERMA framework, were conducted with Australian residents in 2023 FIFA Women’s World Cup host cities. Findings demonstrated how four PERMA domains (positive emotions, relationships, meaning and accomplishment) were activated. Findings advance understanding of how LSSE can positively impact residents in a phase of the event lifecycle when event organisers and host governments are often not yet actively engaging with this key stakeholder group. Key theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Journal Article
The Archaeology of Cosmic Impact: Lessons from Two Mid-Holocene Argentine Case Studies
Cosmic impact is a category of natural catastrophe neglected or misunderstood by most archaeologists in reconstructions of past human population dynamics. We discuss the nature of impact by asteroids and comets and what is known and theorized about the Quaternary Period impact record. As case studies for our exploration of how archaeological method and theory can be productively applied to the study of cosmic impact, we focus on two confirmed Holocene asteroid impacts in central and northeastern Argentina, Rio Cuarto and Campo del Cielo, both likely dating between 6 and 3 cal ky BP. We model and assess the potential destructive effects of these impacts on contemporary hunting and gathering populations using several lines of evidence. The search for Quaternary Period cosmic impacts, along with the documentation of the effects of confirmed cosmic impacts on human populations, particularly of those organized in small-scale social groups, represents a challenge and key opportunity for future archaeological research.
Journal Article
The first day of the Cenozoic
Highly expanded Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) boundary section from the Chicxulub peak ring, recovered by International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP)-International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP) Expedition 364, provides an unprecedented window into the immediate aftermath of the impact. Site M0077 includes ∼130 m of impact melt rock and suevite deposited the first day of the Cenozoic covered by <1 m of micrite-rich carbonate deposited over subsequent weeks to years. We present an interpreted series of events based on analyses of these drill cores. Within minutes of the impact, centrally uplifted basement rock collapsed outward to forma peak ring capped in melt rock. Within tens of minutes, the peak ring was covered in ∼40 m of brecciated impact melt rock and coarsegrained suevite, including clasts possibly generated by melt-water interactions during ocean resurge. Within an hour, resurge crested the peak ring, depositing a 10-m-thick layer of suevite with increased particle roundness and sorting.Within hours, the full resurge deposit formed through settling and seiches, resulting in an 80-m-thick fining-upward, sorted suevite in the flooded crater. Within a day, the reflected rim-wave tsunami reached the crater, depositing a cross-bedded sand-to-fine gravel layer enriched in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons overlain by charcoal fragments. Generation of a deep crater open to the ocean allowed rapid flooding and sediment accumulation rates among the highest known in the geologic record. The high-resolution section provides insight into the impact environmental effects, including charcoal as evidence for impactinduced wildfires and a paucity of sulfur-rich evaporites from the target supporting rapid global cooling and darkness as extinction mechanisms.
Journal Article
The Arabic Version of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised: Psychometric Evaluation among Psychiatric Patients and the General Public within the Context of COVID-19 Outbreak and Quarantine as Collective Traumatic Events
The Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic has provoked the development of negative emotions in almost all societies since it first broke out in late 2019. The Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) is widely used to capture emotions, thoughts, and behaviors evoked by traumatic events, including COVID-19 as a collective and persistent traumatic event. However, there is less agreement on the structure of the IES-R, signifying a need for further investigation. This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the IES-R among individuals in Saudi quarantine settings, psychiatric patients, and the general public during the COVID-19 outbreak. Exploratory factor analysis revealed that the items of the IES-R present five factors with eigenvalues > 1. Examination of several competing models through confirmatory factor analysis resulted in a best fit for a six-factor structure, which comprises avoidance, intrusion, numbing, hyperarousal, sleep problems, and irritability/dysphoria. Multigroup analysis supported the configural, metric, and scalar invariance of this model across groups of gender, age, and marital status. The IES-R significantly correlated with the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-8, perceived health status, and perceived vulnerability to COVID-19, denoting good criterion validity. HTMT ratios of all the subscales were below 0.85, denoting good discriminant validity. The values of coefficient alpha in the three samples ranged between 0.90 and 0.93. In path analysis, correlated intrusion and hyperarousal had direct positive effects on avoidance, numbing, sleep, and irritability. Numbing and irritability mediated the indirect effects of intrusion and hyperarousal on sleep and avoidance. This result signifies that cognitive activation is the main factor driving the dynamics underlying the behavioral, emotional, and sleep symptoms of collective COVID-19 trauma. The findings support the robust validity of the Arabic IES-R, indicating it as a sound measure that can be applied to a wide range of traumatic experiences.
Journal Article
Beyond Direct Expenditure: Rethinking Event Evaluation through the UEFA Champions League Finals
This study contributes to research on event evaluation and leveraging through a case study of the 2017 UEFA Champions League Finals in Cardiff. It examines the challenges of evaluating events spanning multiple sites and days, while critically evaluating the limitations of the direct expenditure approach (DEA) - a method often required for the allocation of public funds to major events. The case highlights how academic best practices, such as computable general equilibrium and cost-benefit analysis, are frequently constrained by the priorities of event stakeholders. It argues that reliance on DEA alone risks producing narrow and incomplete assessments, overlooking broader outcomes of major sporting events. To address this, the study advocates for a more holistic approach that integrates DEA-derived key performance indicators with supplementary measures of audience experience and behaviour. Such integration can strengthen benchmarking, inform decision-making, and enhance portfolio development and leveraging strategies.
Journal Article
Does Awareness Drive Support? Exploring Local Residents' Perceptions of Sport Event Impacts
This study explores residents' perceptions of a sporting event???s impacts and identifies which factors most influence their support for the event. It introduces residents' awareness of the event as a variable affecting both their impact perceptions and support. Using social
exchange theory and the CRO Race cycling event in Croatia as a case, the study analyzed data from 1,191 respondents through exploratory factor analysis, structural equation modeling (SEM), and bivariate statistical tests. The findings indicate a multidimensional structure of event impacts,
with perceived benefits such as increased destination visibility, enhanced image, and knowledge and entertainment opportunities having the greatest influence on support. While bivariate tests revealed significant differences in perceived impacts and support between \"aware\" and
\"unaware\" groups, multigroup analysis found no significant differences in how awareness influences the relationship between impacts and support. By examining event awareness as a key factor in residents' perceptions, this study contributes to event management research and
offers practical insights for event organizers and policymakers.
Journal Article
Assessing and Considering the Wider Impacts of Sport-Tourism Events: A Research Agenda Review of Sustainability and Strategic Planning Elements
Sport-tourism events create a broad spectrum of impacts on and for host communities. However, sustainable sport-tourism events, which emphasize positive impacts, and minimize negative impacts, do not arise by chance—they need careful planning and implementation. This paper aims to review and systematize a wide spectrum of social impacts that outdoor sport-tourism events create from the perspective of key stakeholders and addresses strategic planning elements necessary for achieving event sustainability. To reach its objectives, the authors examined the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database, searching for relevant scientific papers focusing primarily on the impacts and legacy of sport events, strategic planning elements, and attributes necessary for achieving sustainability through a systematic quantitative review and content analysis. The results indicate that the relevant literature mostly focuses on economic impacts, followed by social and environmental impacts. Most studies focus on Europe and Asia, with the Olympic Games and FIFA World Cups being the most popular type of event studied. To systemize event and destination strategic elements and attributes for achieving sustainability, this study considers eight categories: social, cultural, organizational, logistic, communication, economic, tourism, and environmental. This paper identifies the main research gaps, proposes a new holistic sport-tourism events research agenda and provides recommendations so that organizers can avoid planning, organizing, financing mistakes and better leverage future sporting events.
Journal Article