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The purpose of this research is to study the changes in the market structure of China’s pulp and paper product imports. In particular, the import trade environment and market layout of Chinese pulp and paper products have changed under the international context of the coronavirus pandemic and the Sino-US trade dispute and the domestic policy context of zero imports of Chinese waste paper. This study attempts to fill the gap regarding the influencing factors of market structure, while contributing new ideas on China’s trade in pulp and paper products. Based on pulp and paper product import and export trade data from 2005 to 2021, a trade gravity model was used to explore the changes in the share of China’s trade partners for pulp and paper product imports and their influencing factors. The results indicated that the outbreak of COVID-19 led to a significant increase in China’s imports of packaging paper products, bringing about an increase in Indonesia’s status as a partner in China’s pulp and paper product trade. The US-China trade dispute had an impact on pulp and paper product trade between the two countries, with China’s tax countermeasures causing the US to lose its status as a trading partner in China for pulp and paper product imports. The center of gravity for paper product imports has moved from the US and Japan to Indonesia and Russia. The restrictions on waste paper imports have shifted the focus of China’s paper raw material imports, with the US no longer being the main importer of China’s paper raw materials. Specifically, the main importers of wood pulp are Brazil and Chile, while the main importers of waste paper pulp are Thailand and Malaysia. In the future, China needs to continuously strengthen dialogue with the United States to resolve trade disputes and create a favorable environment for trade in pulp and paper products. At the same time, China’s paper enterprises should strengthen the expansion of the Southeast Asian market and reduce dependence on the US market, and China should continue to improve the waste paper recycling system and improve the utilization rate of domestic waste paper.

After the Fukushima nuclear accident in 2011, Taiwan restricted food imports from the five prefectures around Fukushima, Japan. The purpose of this study is to assess the influence of Taiwanese politics on the 2018 import restriction referendum. In this study, we conducted a telephone survey two months after the referendum to examine the difference between the votes cast and the real opinions using cross analysis. After controlling for individual attribute variables such as age, education level, gender, region, and family composition, we found that party support has a significant effect on attitudes toward food imports from Fukushima. In addition, familiarity with Japanese food also influences attitudes. Thus, in this referendum vote, Kuomintang (KMT) supporters mirrored the party's support for the import ban while Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) supporters had lower voter intention, although their real opinions may have been in favor of open imports. We conclude that efforts to remove food import restrictions should not only emphasize food-safety policy responses but also domestic politics.

Is there evidence from China's pre-WTO accession period that newly imposed U.S. or EU import restrictions deflect Chinese exports to third markets? We examine this question by drawing on a newly constructed data set of U.S. and EU product-level import restrictions on Chinese trade imposed between 1992 and 2001, and we estimate their impact on Chinese exports to alternative markets. We find no systematic evidence that the import restrictions imposed during this period resulted in Chinese exports surging to third markets. To the contrary, there is weak evidence of a chilling effect on China's exports to third markets. Y-a-t-il évidence, à partir de l'expérience de la Chine avant son entrée à OMC, que les nouvelles restrictions aux importations chinoises des États-Unis et de l'Union Européenne détournent les exportations chinoises vers de tiers marchés? On examine la question à l'aide d'une base de données américaines et européennes nouvellement construite sur les restrictions à l'importation de produits chinois entre 1992 ert 2001, et on calibre leurs impacts sur les exportations chinoises vers des tiers marchés. Il n'y a pas d'évidence systématique que ces restrictions aux importations chinoises ont résulté en un accroissement des exportations vers des tiers marchés. Au contraire, il y a un faible support pour l'hypothèse d'un refroidissement des exportations vers ces tiers marchés.

Purpose This paper aims to examine the effects of adding non-tradable sector and trade in intermediate goods sector and their impact on the “Backus-Smith” (BS) puzzle and the features of the non-tradable output. Conventional international real business cycle models show that the real exchange rate and the terms of trade are positively correlated to the relative consumption movement between the home and foreign economies when there is a total factor productivity shock, whereas the correlation in the data is negative. The author develops a two-country, dynamic, stochastic and general equilibrium (DSGE) model with staggered price setting in the non-tradable sector and international trade in intermediate goods sector because of product differentiation in a high-asset market frictions situation. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, DGSE simulation and calibration are performed using Matlab with Dynare. Findings When the world economy has positive country-specific productivity shock, the benchmark model with non-tradable sector and intermediate goods sector successfully solves the BS puzzle and is able to match several features of the data. The dynamic responses to productivity shock show that integrating product differentiation is necessary to generate a more volatile and counter-cyclical non-tradable output. Originality/value The paper investigates the effects of incorporating non-tradable sector and trade in interemediate goods sector to standard two-country DSGE model through simulation and calibration.

For many different types of businesses, additive manufacturing has great potential for new product and process development in many different types of businesses including automotive industry. On the other hand, there are a variety of additive manufacturing alternatives available today, each with its own unique characteristics, and selecting the most suitable one has become a necessity for relevant bodies. The evaluation of additive manufacturing alternatives can be viewed as an uncertain multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problem due to the potential number of criteria and candidates as well as the inherent subjectivity of various decision-experts engaging in the process. Pythagorean fuzzy sets are an extension of intuitionistic fuzzy sets that are effective in handling ambiguity and uncertainty in decision-making. This study offers an integrated fuzzy MCDM approach based on Pythagorean fuzzy sets for assessing additive manufacturing alternatives for the automotive industry. Objective significance levels of criteria are determined using the Criteria Importance Through Inter-criteria Correlation (CRITIC) technique, and additive manufacturing alternatives are prioritized using the Evaluation based on Distance from Average Solution (EDAS) method. A sensitivity analysis is performed to examine the variations against varying criterion and decision-maker weights. Moreover, a comparative analysis is conducted to validate the acquired findings.

Plastic pollution on land and in oceans is currently a pressing environmental issue. The accumulation of waste has caused severe, irreversible impacts and consequences on marine life, ecosystems, and the environment due to the lack of good waste collection, treatment, and management systems. Limited resources and infrastructure constantly challenge waste management in Southeast Asia. Therefore, we will examine the current plastic situation and issues in Southeast Asia and gain an understanding of the issues of the existing waste management systems in those countries. Then, we will examine the current practices applied in tackling plastic pollution and review the collective commitment and actions of governments, private sectors, social organizations, stakeholders, and consumers, as the key players in ending plastic pollution.

Import restrictions on deforestation-linked commodities have been enacted with the goal of reducing global deforestation and emissions. However, the limited market share of importers imposing such restrictions and the potential for emissions leakage could reduce their effectiveness. Moreover, they could result in negative economic implications for producers and consumers. We quantify future emissions and economic implications of oil palm and soybean import restrictions. Current EU restrictions are likely to have minimal impact due to the EU’s otherwise small and declining share of global palm and soy demand. If extended beyond the EU, import restrictions could lead to reductions in cumulative land use change (LUC) emissions by 2050 in key oil crop exporting regions - up to 1.6% in Indonesia, 2.1% in the rest of Southeast Asia, 4.6% in Argentina, and 8.3% in Brazil compared to a no restrictions scenario. Globally, however, direct forest protection could be more effective than indirect protection through import restrictions due to emissions leakage. Meanwhile, import restrictions could cause major exporters to lose $0.1-$280 billion in cumulative agricultural production revenues by 2050. More broadly, our study highlights that the effectiveness of import restriction policies in reducing global emissions will likely depend on coordinated action across major oil crop producing and consuming regions. Import restrictions on deforestation-linked commodities, like oil crops, could cut land-use emissions but risk emissions leakage globally and economic losses for producers. Direct forest protection may be more effective than import restrictions.

With this existing potential, there are still fundamental problems that are still faced in the process. Most of the farming patterns are still multicultural systems using traditional technology. This research aims to: formulate strategies that can be implemented in the development of local Sawang Durian in North Aceh Regency. The research method used is SWOT analysis to obtain a strategy for the development of local Sawang Durian. The results of determining internal factor indicators (strengths-weaknesses), for strength factors, namely farmers’ experience, potential regional conditions or topography, land area owned, unique quality of durian fruit, easy plant maintenance process. Meanwhile, the weaknesses are the adoption of technology which is still simple, there is no guarantee of availability per season, lack of capital or is limited, the production capacity is still lacking or the quality and quantity is not yet continuous, there is no activity of farmer groups, while determining external factor indicators (opportunities-threats) for opportunity factors, namely import restriction policy, high market demand for durian, selling prices, availability of production facilities. Meanwhile, the threat factors are the presence of competitors from other regions, the threat of pests and diseases, unstable weather changes.

This study used annual data from 1987 to 2019 to analyze the export trade patterns of antibiotic products of China. The weighted indicators of “revealed symmetric comparative advantage for export” (RXcj) is employed to capture the revealed comparative advantage of the Chinese export in the antibiotic products, and the weighted indicators of “export restriction” (HX cj ) and “import restriction” (HM cj were used to measure the Chinese export and the import policy interventions. The research data found that the export of antibiotic products is much larger than that of imports, and China has a comparative advantage in the export of antibiotic products. China restricted the export of antibiotic products from 1987 to 1993, and began to promote exports in 1994. However, in 2019, due to the impact of the epidemic, import and export trade policies were limited, relatively speaking, China exported more antibiotic products than its export advantage determined.