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Traditional views on Latin American political development agree that its distinctive characteristics are in some way related to the region’s pattern of import-substitution industrialization. All of them share a key theoretical perspective that limits their understanding of this development: they consider capital accumulation to be structured at the national level. Instead, import-substitution industrialization should be seen as the statemediated form of recovery by global industrial capital invested in manufacturing of a portion of the ground rent flowing into the region because of its role in the production of surplus value on a global scale. The differences in the political economy of import-substitution industrialization between Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, and Colombia may be explained in terms of the historical and natural conditions of the specific form taken by capitalism in Latin America. Las opiniones tradicionales sobre el desarrollo político latinoamericano coinciden en que sus peculiaridades están de alguna manera relacionadas con el patrón de industrialización por sustitución de importaciones de la región. Se comparte una perspectiva teórica clave que limita la comprensión de dicho desarrollo: la acumulación de capital se presenta como estructurada a nivel nacional. Sin embargo, la industrialización por sustitución de importaciones debe verse como la forma mediada por el estado que toma la recuperación, por parte del capital industrial global invertido en el sector manufacturero, de una porcion de la renta del suelo que fluye hacia la región debido a su papel en la producción de plusvalía a escala mundial, y va mediada por el Estado. Las diferencias en la economía política de la industrialización por sustitución de importaciones entre Argentina, Brasil, México y Colombia pueden explicarse en términos de las condiciones históricas y naturales en que se realiza la forma específica que toma el capitalismo en América Latina.

Abstract—The article presents the results of the first stage of developing the concept of transition to innovative development of the domestic economy in the context of sanctions restrictions imposed on it. It is shown that such restrictions, in addition to the negative impact, also open up the possibility of generating a significant amount of additional demand for domestic engineering products and investment equipment. A preliminary assessment was made of the scale and structure of such potential demand, taking into account the opening of parallel import channels and the development of foreign trade relations with friendly and neutral countries. In addition, the paper presents a methodological scheme for the formation of a new structure of the investment complex, capable of ensuring the realization of this potential through developing import substitution based on domestic technologies.

Abstract—The article examines mechanisms underlying the formation of the “import substitution trap,” which is a stable ineffective institution that serves as a means of protecting national producers from foreign competition. The costs and risks of rooting this institution in the Russian automotive industry are analyzed, the import substitution strategies of the Russian government at the current stage of the industry’s development are investigated, the experience of import substitution in the foreign automotive industry is summarized. The conclusion is substantiated that the import substitution policy brings short-term effects but is disadvantageous in the long term. Domestic substitutes can gain a strong market position but their success is fragile and requires continued government support and protectionist patronage. The author shows that the policy of import substitution becomes successful when it relies on competition, when the domestic import substitute, having entered the market and strengthened its position, is gradually deprived of preferential conditions, and the state support of its manufacturer is gradually cut while the market is transferred to a “freewheeling” mode for all players.

In recent years, the Russian Federation has been actively implementing an import substitution policy. While this particular issue is the topic of various academic studies, there is a lack of research focussing on the quantitative assessment of import substitution. Such an approach allows assessing the effectiveness of the state policy at different levels. Additionally, it provides an opportunity to identify tools for improving the effectiveness of the import substitution. Using examples of Russia and the Ural Federal District (UrFD), the study considers import substitution as an opportunity to stabilise the socio-economic development. We hypothesise that, primarily, the most important competitive advantage of the country is a developed high-tech industry. This assumption requires an immediate activation of import substitution processes and the development of a methodology for assessing its effectiveness. We used the concepts of system economy, sustainable development, innovative development, as well as the methods of comparative, factor, structural analysis, statistical modelling and forecasting methods. Our approach to assessing the effective import substitution includes a developed dynamic import substitution coefficient; its standard value is equal to 1. At the macro-level, this coefficient changes depending on the current import substitution policy. For example, in 2015 — 2016, the coefficient had increased sharply and then decreased below the standard value by 20%. We have predicted that at the macro-level the dynamic coefficient of import substitution will stabilise after 2019. The example of the Ural Federal District demonstrates that the reverse situation occurs at the meso-level. The calculations show that the region still adheres to the economic model based on the sales of raw materials. The distribution of UrFD enterprises by sales and profitability of operating activities confirms this statement. The largest enterprises in the region (by sales) belong to the oil and gas industry. We propose measures to support industrial policy and production aimed at import substitution. These measures include regulatory, infrastructure, financial, and marketing aspects. The obtained results can be applied in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

This paper explores the impact of tariffs, imports substitution and investment efficiency on economic growth in Pakistan. For this purpose, secondary data was collected from world development indicators from 1981 to 2017. The study found that all variables have integrated at different orders by employing the augmented dickey-fuller test. Econometrically, the study employed Johansen and Juselius (1990) Cointegration Test, vector error correction model and autoregressive distribution lag model to build up the relationship among the variables. The results found that the tariff rate had a positive effect on economic growth. The coefficients of all variables’ like consumer price index, private investment, public investment and exchange rate are positively related to economic growth. While tariffs rate was negatively related to public investment. Moreover, Foreign assistance, consumer price index and Government revenue was positively related to public investment. Employment in Agriculture sector was positively related to economic growth, while Employment in the industrial sector is negatively related to economic growth. There is a positive relationship between employment in the service sector and economic growth. The foreign exchange reserves had a positive effect on economic growth, while Tariffs on all manufactured products had a positive effect on economic growth, while the Tariff on all products are negatively related to economic growth. Finally, the relationship between subsidies and economic growth is directly related. The results of the short-run and long-run relationship amongst the measurable indicators of import substitution had a positive and negative effect on economic growth in Pakistan. This study suggested that the government should re-consider a tariff and import substitution policy to promote economic growth. Due to imposition of high tariff rate and import substitution it will create an opportunity to domestic producer to produce import substitution goods in domestically. It will lead to increase in economic growth.

The purpose of the research is to substantiate what kind of influence the import substitution has on the positioning of different types of regions in the system of international economic relations. The research is focused on two types of regions — the industrial type (the Sverdlovsk region) and the agricultural type (Rostov and Krasnodar regions). The research hypothesis is following: import substitution influences not only the replacement of imported goods by the domestic ones, but also can change regional positioning in the international economic relations system. The authors propose the methodological approach. It examines the regional economy according to three levels: a system of entities engaged in foreign economic activity; a system of the support of import substitution and export orientation in a region; a system of international economic relations. Regional positioning in the system of international economic relations is expressed in manufacture and agriculture exports and imports. Our methodological approach reveals the dependence between manufacture and agriculture exports and imports and the manufacturing and agriculture output, including correlation analysis. . We have offered a technique based on the comparative analysis of the effectiveness of import substitution in two regions’ types applying correlation analysis. The analysis has shown the interrelation of the development processes of domestic manufacturing and agriculture, their export and import in 2005– 2016. The import decrease and export increase (after 2014) were mainly due to regional specialization in international division of labour. This demonstrates the results of import substitution. The research results can be used for further development of the strategies of regional international economic activity including such instruments as import substitution and export promotion.

Using novel firm-level microdata and leveraging a natural experiment, this paper provides causal evidence for the role of trade and multinational firms in the cross-country transmission of shocks. The scope for trade linkages to generate cross-country spillovers depends on the elasticity of substitution with respect to domestic inputs. Using the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake as an exogenous shock, we structurally estimate production elasticities at the firm level and find greater complementarities in input usage than previously thought. For Japanese affiliates in the United States, output falls roughly one-for-one with declines in imports, consistent with a relationship between imported and domestic inputs that is close to Leontief.

The issues of the dependence on imports and import substitution are the major factors in the development of the domestic economy. The subject matter of the research is the dependence of construction industry on imports in the area of foreign technology, it is aimed at identifying the scope of the problem and justifying the mechanisms to overcome it. The article substantiates the relevance and importance of import substitution in the production of construction materials and equipment. Import substitution in the construction industry can be implemented in two main ways, requiring different approaches in supporting and encouraging. Firstly, there is the substitution of products used in construction, aimed at minimizing the risk of disruption of the supply of imported products for construction purposes and the predominant use of domestic analogues of imported products for construction purposes. Secondly, there is the substitution in the technologies of production of goods used in construction, focused on stimulating the development of the domestic production of competitive products and technological and managerial modernization of the construction materials industry, construction industry. The process of import substitution in the construction industry have a number of limitations. In this connection, the article discusses the opportunities and constraints for import substitution. A special attention is paid to the practice of the formation of regional construction clusters as a tool of implementing the policy of import substitution. The purposes and principles of the development of clusters, sources of initiatives, used systems of transfer and knowledge and innovations are considered critically. The conclusion is made about the need for the strategic development of new products for the construction market and domestic research and development projects within the framework of cross-sectoral clusters. The basic forms of state support required for the implementation of the import substitution policy in the construction industry are substantiated. These are organizational, administrative and economic measures, whose implementation during the transition to the import substitution can lead to the reduction in the cost of construction materials. In the conclusion, the article states the priorities in the support of import substitution policies for the construction industry. The conclusions and recommendations proposed in the paper can be used by the federal and regional authorities in the development and adoption of strategic documents of the construction industry, in the planning of spatial development of the territories.