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Governments are able to implement monetary and fiscal policies to achieve economic objectives, such as increasing production, ensuring price stability, improving the balance ofpayments, and achieving full employment. While central banks carry out monetary policies, governments, in contrast, develop fiscal policies. Fiscal policy instruments can include public expenditures, taxes, and borrowing. In countries that have low savings levels, individuals participate in public expenditures by spending a large part of their income. Therefore, taxes are effectively used as a major policy instrument. The impact of both direct and indirect taxes on economic growth in Turkey has been analyzed by employing the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach. Test results suggest a positive and significant impact of indirect taxes on economic growth as well as a negative and significant impact of direct taxes.

This paper assesses the effects of India's tax system on growth, through the level and productivity of private investment. Comparison of India's indicators of effective tax rates and tax revenue productivity with other countries shows that the Indian tax system is characterized by: (1) a high dependence on indirect taxes, (2) low average effective tax rates and tax productivity, and (3) high marginal effective tax rates and large tax-induced distortions on investment and financing decisions. The paper finds that the most recently proposed package of reforms would improve tax productivity and lower the marginal tax burden and tax-induced distortions. But firms that rely on internal sources of funds or face problems borrowing would continue to face high marginal tax rates.

Tax policies are one of the governmental tools used for economic intervention to prevent income inequality. The percentage of total tax revenues comprised of indirect taxes has risen in developing countries such as Türkiye since the 1980s. The effect this development has had on income inequality, which was already high, has attracted great attention recently. The aim of this study is to examine the effect indirect taxes have on income distribution in the Turkish economy. The study seeks an answer to the question of whether or not indirect taxes have an effect on income distribution. The study additionally researches the effects indirect taxes have on growth, which has provided a theoretical foundation in favor of indirect taxes. To do this, the study adopts long-term and short-term estimation methods. ARDL bounds test approach to examine how indirect and direct taxes have affected income inequality and economic growth in Türkiye over the 1992-2021 period. The study only looks at indirect taxes comprised from the value-added tax (VAT) and tariffs due to the data adequacy requirements for empirical tests. According to the study’s long-term forecast results, an increase in inflation rate leads to a rise in inequality and a decrease in economic growth. An increase in direct taxes is associated with a reduction in inequality with no statistically significant effect on economic expansion. In contrast, an increase in indirect taxes was found to increase both inequality and economic growth. Increases in customs duties contribute to both a reduction in inequality and a boost in economic growth. Furthermore, an increase in the VAT rate was identified to have negative effects on both income inequality and economic growth. Lastly, an increase in the budget deficit has been linked to an increase in income inequality with no statistically significant impact on economic growth.

Purpose:  This study aims to demonstrate the impact of taxes on prices and production in Jordan.   Theoretical framework:  Study problem lies in asking the following questions Does the tax system in Jordan serve the economic aspects? Does the tax in Jordan affect the economic aspect? Is the tax in Jordan fair? Is there an impact of the tax on prices in Jordan? Is there an impact of the tax on production in Jordan? What is the effect of taxes on consumer speeding on necessary versus luxury goods? What is the impact of higher taxes on personal income of consumers? The effect of Lower taxes on the economy and disposable income? What is the alternative for governments to increase their income other than direct higher tax system? What is the effect of various government entities; such as financial, administrative, and social corruption on Jordan economy?   Design/methodology/approach:  Researchers used standard analysis method and vector error correction model for the period (2011-2020), and used the profit margin ratio indicator as a representative indicator for production and prices.   Findings:  Results showed a long-term causal relationship between prices and production; from one side and direct and indirect taxes; from the other side and that relationship between short-term deviations and long-term reliability is corrected at a rate of (3%) per year. Results showed a negative significant impact of indirect taxes on price competitiveness; in the long term which was reinforced by the variance components’ analysis and response function’s test. Results also showed an insignificant impact of direct and indirect taxes on price competitiveness; in the short term.   Research, Practical & Social implications:  Demonstrating the impact of taxes on prices and production in Jordan. As well as, discussing the governmental tax and income.   Originality/value:  The importance of study stems from research topic, since taxes have multiple effects on various areas in society which can be divided into scientific and practical importance.

Revenue authorities (RAs) have been adopted by some countries as an alternative delivery model for improved revenue administration. They are sometimes seen as a possible solution to problems such as low rates of tax compliance, ineffective tax administration staff, and corruption. The paper discusses RAs as a governance model, from the perspective of revenue administration and the almost universal desire to improve performance and compliance with the law. It compiles and analyses features of the model, examines reasons why revenue authorities were established, and explores the extent to which countries have evaluated the success of the model. It also assesses countries' own perceptions about how this model may have contributed to tax administration reform. Further, the paper discusses data collection difficulties in carrying out an assessment using econometric analysis, and the problem of attributing changes in performance to a particular governance model. The paper concludes that while there are subjective perceptions among countries with revenue authorities that their model has led to improved revenue administration and has spurred modernization, there is no objective analysis that countries with RAs have performed better in this regard than countries without RAs.

This paper analyzes particular areas of tax policy that have concerned the Colombian authorities during the 1990s, while comprising a comprehensive approach to tax reform over time. It is intended to allow the reader to view in technical detail the type of analysis conducted in a representative tax reform study carried out by the IMF