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Pure inductive logic
\"Pure inductive logic is the study of rational probability treated as a branch of mathematical logic. This monograph, the first devoted to this approach, brings together the key results from the past seventy years plus the main contributions of the authors and their collaborators over the last decade to present a comprehensive account of the discipline within a single unified context.\" -- Provided by publisher.
Book
Ustekinumab as Induction and Maintenance Therapy for Ulcerative Colitis
Patients with moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis were randomly assigned to receive placebo or induction doses of ustekinumab. Patients who had a response to induction therapy underwent a second randomization to maintenance therapy with ustekinumab or placebo. Ustekinumab was more effective than placebo for inducing and maintaining remission.
Journal Article
Upadacitinib Induction and Maintenance Therapy for Crohn’s Disease
Upadacitinib, an oral selective Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor, is under investigation for the treatment of Crohn's disease.
In two phase 3 induction trials (U-EXCEL and U-EXCEED), we randomly assigned patients with moderate-to-severe Crohn's disease to receive 45 mg of upadacitinib or placebo (2:1 ratio) once daily for 12 weeks. Patients who had a clinical response to upadacitinib induction therapy were randomly assigned in the U-ENDURE maintenance trial to receive 15 mg of upadacitinib, 30 mg of upadacitinib, or placebo (1:1:1 ratio) once daily for 52 weeks. The primary end points for induction (week 12) and maintenance (week 52) were clinical remission (defined as a Crohn's Disease Activity Index score of <150 [range, 0 to 600, with higher scores indicating more severe disease activity]) and endoscopic response (defined as a decrease in the Simple Endoscopic Score for Crohn's Disease [SES-CD; range, 0 to 56, with higher scores indicating more severe disease] of >50% from baseline of the induction trial [or for patients with an SES-CD of 4 at baseline, a decrease of ≥2 points from baseline]).
A total of 526 patients underwent randomization in U-EXCEL, 495 in U-EXCEED, and 502 in U-ENDURE. A significantly higher percentage of patients who received 45-mg upadacitinib than those who received placebo had clinical remission (in U-EXCEL, 49.5% vs. 29.1%; in U-EXCEED, 38.9% vs. 21.1%) and an endoscopic response (in U-EXCEL, 45.5% vs. 13.1%; in U-EXCEED, 34.6% vs. 3.5%) (P<0.001 for all comparisons). At week 52 in U-ENDURE, a higher percentage of patients had clinical remission with 15-mg upadacitinib (37.3%) or 30-mg upadacitinib (47.6%) than with placebo (15.1%), and a higher percentage had an endoscopic response with 15-mg upadacitinib (27.6%) or 30-mg upadacitinib (40.1%) than with placebo (7.3%) (P<0.001 for all comparisons). Herpes zoster infections occurred more frequently in the 45-mg and 30-mg upadacitinib groups than in the respective placebo groups, and hepatic disorders and neutropenia were more frequent in the 30-mg upadacitinib group than in the other maintenance groups. Gastrointestinal perforations developed in 4 patients who received 45-mg upadacitinib and in 1 patient each who received 30-mg or 15-mg upadacitinib.
Upadacitinib induction and maintenance treatment was superior to placebo in patients with moderate-to-severe Crohn's disease. (Funded by AbbVie; U-EXCEL, U-EXCEED, and U-ENDURE ClinicalTrials.gov numbers, NCT03345849, NCT03345836, and NCT03345823.).
Journal Article
Thinking off your feet : how empirical psychology vindicates armchair philosophy
In an original defense of armchair philosophy, Michael Strevens seeks to restore philosophy to its traditional position as an essential part of the quest for knowledge, by reshaping debates about the nature of philosophical thinking. His approach explores experimental philosophy's methodological implications and the cognitive science of concepts.-- Provided by publisher
Book
Mirikizumab as Induction and Maintenance Therapy for Ulcerative Colitis
In two phase 3 trials, mirikizumab, a p19-directed anti–interleukin-23 antibody, was superior to placebo with regard to clinical remission of ulcerative colitis at 12 weeks (induction) and 40 weeks (maintenance).
Journal Article
Ustekinumab as Induction and Maintenance Therapy for Crohn’s Disease
In two trials in patients with moderately to severely active Crohn's disease, intravenous ustekinumab was effective in those who did not have a response to conventional therapy or TNF antagonists. Subcutaneous ustekinumab was more effective than placebo in maintaining remission.
Crohn’s disease is a chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract that is treated with glucocorticoids, immunosuppressants, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists, or integrin inhibitors.
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The drawbacks of these agents include an increased risk of infection
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and cancer
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and limited efficacy.
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Ustekinumab is a monoclonal antibody to the p40 subunit of interleukin-12 and interleukin-23 that has been approved for use in the treatment of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis.
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In previous trials involving patients with psoriasis in which ustekinumab was administered subcutaneously for up to 5 years, the drug was not associated with an increased risk of serious adverse . . .
Journal Article
Tofacitinib as Induction and Maintenance Therapy for Ulcerative Colitis
To the Editor:
Sandborn et al. (May 4 issue)
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raise two important issues that deserve attention. First, when patients with moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis show no improvement in response to treatment with mesalamine or a dosage of glucocorticoids lower than 25 mg per day, guidelines indicate that the daily dosage of glucocorticoids may be increased to 0.75 to 1.0 mg per kilogram of body weight,
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a level at which there is a higher rate of remission. However, Sandborn et al. reported a remission rate of only 16.6 to 18.5% in the tofacitinib group, a result that is disappointing. Another weakness of . . .
Journal Article