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ABSTRACT Objectives: to analyze the associations between bullying participation profiles (victims, bullies, and bully-victims) and the risk for eating disorders in adolescents. Methods: a cross-sectional study was conducted with 491 students, aged 10 to 18 years. Data were collected through the application of the Peer Victimization and Aggression Scale and the Eating Attitudes Test, and were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Spearman correlation. Results: the risk for eating disorders was higher for the victim profile, both for boys and girls. For both sexes, physical victimization, verbal victimization, and relational victimization were significantly associated with variables related to the risk for eating disorders. For boys, there were also significant associations related to aggression. Conclusions: student victims, especially boys, are more vulnerable to the consequences of bullying in relation to the risk for eating disorders. RESUMEN Objetivos: analizar las asociaciones entre los perfiles de participación en el acoso escolar (víctimas, agresores y víctimas-agresores) y el riesgo de trastornos alimentarios en adolescentes. Métodos: estudio transversal con 491 estudiantes de 10 a 18 años. Los datos se recopilaron mediante la aplicación de la Escala de Victimización y Agresión entre Pares y el Test de Actitudes Alimentarias, y se analizaron estadísticamente mediante análisis de varianza (ANOVA) y correlación de Spearman. Resultados: el riesgo de trastornos alimentarios fue mayor en el perfil de víctima, tanto en niños como en niñas. Tanto para ambos sexos, la victimización física, la victimización verbal y la victimización relacional se asociaron significativamente con variables relacionadas con el riesgo de trastornos alimentarios. En el caso de los niños, también se observaron asociaciones significativas relacionadas con la agresión. Conclusiones: los estudiantes que son víctimas, especialmente los niños, son más vulnerables a las consecuencias del acoso escolar en relación con el riesgo de trastornos alimentarios. RESUMO Objetivos: analisar as associações entre o perfil de participação no bullying (vítimas, agressores e vítimas-agressoras) e o risco de transtornos alimentares em adolescentes. Métodos: estudo transversal realizado com 491 estudantes, com idades entre 10 e 18 anos. Os dados foram coletados por meio da aplicação da Escala de Vitimização e Agressão entre Pares e do Eating Attitudes Test, e foram analisados estatisticamente por meio de análises de variância (ANOVA) e correlação de Spearman. Resultados: o risco de transtornos alimentares foi maior para o perfil de vítima, tanto para meninos quanto para meninas. Para ambos os sexos, a vitimização física, a vitimização verbal e a vitimização relacional associaram-se significativamente às variáveis de risco de transtornos alimentares. Para os meninos, também houve associações significativas relacionadas à agressão. Conclusões: os estudantes vítimas, especialmente os meninos, são mais vulneráveis às consequências do bullying em relação ao risco de transtornos alimentares.

Introduction: Aesthetic sports require technical and artistic skills as well as physical capabilities. These sports are relevant in investigations about risk of eating disorders, and female athlete triad, since athletes who practice this type of sport have a greater risk in these aspects. Objective: this review aimed to determine how the female athlete triad and its components are assessed by aesthetic sport practitioners and to analyse the prevalence of these components. Furthermore, it sought to identify studies that investigated the associations between these components and the sport-related, anthropometric, sociodemographic, biological and psychological characteristics. Methodology: this review followed the recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. The studies involved women aged 12 to 44 years practicing aesthetic sports at any competitive level, whether amateur or professional. Results: a total of 2,950 articles were identified from the search in the first round and 660 in the second round, of which 13 met the inclusion criteria of this review. The study identified various associations between these components and the sport-related, anthropometric, sociodemographic, biological and psychological variables. Discussion: Regarding the heterogeneity of methodologies and results, it is noteworthy that the use of more costly assessment methods, requires more human and material resources, limiting the ability to include a larger sample from a population that is difficult to capture owing to their sport-dedicated routine. Conclusions: Methods for assessing the components of the triad and for achieving alignment among the reference values are needed to facilitate the replication and comparison of results. Introducción: los deportes estéticos exigen habilidades técnicas, artísticas y capacidades físicas. Son relevantes en estudios sobre trastornos alimentarios y la tríada de la atleta femenina, ya que quienes los practican presentan mayor riesgo. Objetivo: esta revisión buscó analizar cómo se evalúa la tríada de la atleta femenina y sus componentes en deportistas de disciplinas estéticas, así como determinar su prevalencia. Además, se identificaron estudios que relacionan estos componentes con características deportivas, antropométricas, sociodemográficas, biológicas y psicológicas. Metodología: se siguieron las directrices Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Se incluyeron estudios con mujeres de 12 a 44 años que practicaban deportes estéticos a nivel amateur o profesional. Resultados: se identificaron 2.950 artículos en la primera búsqueda y 660 en la segunda; 13 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Se observaron asociaciones entre los componentes de la tríada y diversas variables deportivas, físicas, sociales, biológicas y psicológicas. Discusión: la heterogeneidad metodológica y de resultados destaca la dificultad de aplicar métodos costosos de evaluación, que requieren recursos y limitan el tamaño de muestra, especialmente en poblaciones de difícil acceso por sus rutinas deportivas. Conclusión: es necesario unificar métodos de evaluación y valores de referencia para facilitar la comparación y replicación de estudios futuros. Introdução: o desporto estético exige competências técnicas, artísticas e físicas. São relevantes os estudos sobre os distúrbios alimentares e a tríade da aleta feminina, sendo que as rainhas que os praticam apresentam maior risco. Objectivo: esta revisão tem como objectivo analisar como se avalia a tríade da atleta feminina e os seus componentes em modalidades desportivas, bem como determinar a sua prevalência. Além disso, identificámos estudos que relacionam estes componentes com características desportivas, antropométricas, sociodemográficas, biológicas e psicológicas. Metodologia: seguimos as diretrizes Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Incluímos estúdios com mulheres dos 12 aos 44 anos que trabalham em salões de beleza a nível amador ou profissional. Resultados: Foram identificados 2.950 artigos na primeira secção e 660 na secção seguinte; 13 consideram os critérios de inclusão. Observámos associações entre os componentes da tríade e diversas variáveis ​​desportivas, físicas, sociais, biológicas e psicológicas. Discutir: a heterogeneidade da metodologia e dos resultados decorre da dificuldade de aplicação de métodos de avaliação de custos, que exigem recursos e limitam o número de testes, principalmente em casos de difícil acesso para as suas rotinas desportivas. Conclusão: É necessário unificar os métodos de avaliação e os valores de referência para facilitar a comparação e a replicação de estudos futuros.

Objective. To assess gender disparity in body weight perception, Body Mass Index (BMI), eight satisfaction and role of depression among undergraduate Medical and Nursing students. Methods. A descriptive cross sectional descriptive study was conducted in conveniently selected medical (n=241) and nursing (n=213) students of Bangalore, South India. Data was collected using self-administered SCOFF questionnaires. Results. Our findings revealed that men had a significantly higher BMI than women (t=5.403, p<0.001). More number of women compared to men, perceived themselves as ver weight (74.8%) and not satisfied with their weight status (81.6%). More men than women cored positively for disordered eating behaviors on SCOFF (45.4% vs. 31.1%) and EAT scale (16.5% vs. 8.7%). While, 48.2% of the women practice binge eating, 41.2% of the men practice it (p<0.004); more men (47.4%) than women (25.4%) exercised for more than sixty minutes (p<0.001) to control their weight. Conclusion.Findings indicate small differences between the genders that have to be taken in consideration in planning interventional programs to prevent eating disorders in this copulation. Descriptors: body mass index; weight perception; cross-sectional studies; students, nursing; students, medical; feeding and eating disorders.

Background. The COVID-19 lockdown has had a significant impact on mental health. Patients with eating disorders (ED) have been particularly vulnerable. Aims. (1) To explore changes in eating-related symptoms and general psychopathology during lockdown in patients with an ED from various European and Asian countries; and (2) to assess differences related to diagnostic ED subtypes, age, and geography. Methods. The sample comprised 829 participants, diagnosed with an ED according to DSM-5 criteria from specialized ED units in Europe and Asia. Participants were assessed using the COVID-19 Isolation Scale (CIES). Results. Patients with binge eating disorder (BED) experienced the highest impact on weight and ED symptoms in comparison with other ED subtypes during lockdown, whereas individuals with other specified feeding and eating disorders (OFSED) had greater deterioration in general psychological functioning than subjects with other ED subtypes. Finally, Asian and younger individuals appeared to be more resilient. Conclusions. The psychopathological changes in ED patients during the COVID-19 lockdown varied by cultural context and individual variation in age and ED diagnosis. Clinical services may need to target preventive measures and adapt therapeutic approaches for the most vulnerable patients.

The current epidemic of obesity is caused largely by an environment that promotes excessive food intake and discourages physical activity. Although humans have evolved excellent physiological mechanisms to defend against body weight loss, they have only weak physiological mechanisms to defend against body weight gain when food is abundant. Control of portion size, consumption of a diet low in fat and energy density, and regular physical activity are behaviors that protect against obesity, but it is becoming difficult to adopt and maintain these behaviors in the current environment. Because obesity is difficult to treat, public health efforts need to be directed toward prevention

Feeding behavior is critical for survival. In addition to providing all of the body's macronutrients (carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins) and most micronutrients (minerals and vitamins), feeding behavior is a fundamental aspect of energy homeostasis, the process by which body fuel stored in the form of adipose tissue is held constant over long intervals. For this process to occur, the amount of energy consumed must match precisely the amount of energy expended. This review focuses on the molecular signals that modulate food intake while integrating the body's immediate and long-term energy needs

The speed of absorption of dietary amino acids by the gut varies according to the type of ingested dietary protein. This could affect postprandial protein synthesis, breakdown, and deposition. To test this hypothesis, two intrinsically 13C-leucine-labeled milk proteins, casein (CAS) and whey protein (WP), of different physicochemical properties were ingested as one single meal by healthy adults. Postprandial whole body leucine kinetics were assessed by using a dual tracer methodology. WP induced a dramatic but short increase of plasma amino acids. CAS induced a prolonged plateau of moderate hyperaminoacidemia, probably because of a slow gastric emptying. Whole body protein breakdown was inhibited by 34% after CAS ingestion but not after WP ingestion. Postprandial protein synthesis was stimulated by 68% with the WP meal and to a lesser extent (+31%) with the CAS meal. Postprandial whole body leucine oxidation over 7 h was lower with CAS (272 +/- 91 micromoles . kg-1) than with WP (373 +/- 56 micromoles . kg-1). Leucine intake was identical in both meals (380 micromoles . kg-1). Therefore, net leucine balance over the 7 h after the meal was more positive with CAS than with WP (P 0.05, WP vs. CAS). In conclusion, the speed of protein digestion and amino acid absorption from the gut has a major effect on whole body protein anabolism after one single meal. By analogy with carbohydrate metabolism, slow and fast proteins modulate the postprandial metabolic response, a concept to be applied to wasting situations

Low caloric intake (caloric restriction) can lengthen the life span of a wide range of animals and possibly even of humans. To understand better how caloric restriction lengthens life span, we used genetic methods and criteria to investigate its mechanism of action in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Mutations in many genes (eat genes) result in partial starvation of the worm by disrupting the function of the pharynx, the feeding organ. We found that most eat mutations significantly lengthen life span (by up to 50%). In C. elegans, mutations in a number of other genes that can extend life span have been found. Two genetically distinct mechanisms of life span extension are known: a mechanism involving genes that regulate dauer formation (age-1, daf-2, daf-16, and daf-28) and a mechanism involving genes that affect the rate of development and behavior (clk-1, clk-2, clk-3, and gro-1). We find that the long life of eat-2 mutants does not require the activity of DAF-16 and that eat-2; daf-2 double mutants live even longer than extremely long-lived daf-2 mutants. These findings demonstrate that food restriction lengthens life span by a mechanism distinct from that of dauer-formation mutants. In contrast, we find that food restriction does not further increase the life span of long-lived clk-1 mutants, suggesting that clk-1 and caloric restriction affect similar processes

Este estudo é uma revisão integrativa da literatura que tem o objetivo de descrever os instrumentos de mensuração utilizados na avaliação da imagem corporal e dos hábitos alimentares na anorexia nervosa. As bases consultadas foram LILACS e SciELO. Das 98 referências levantadas, oito foram selecionadas e recuperadas na íntegra para extração dos dados, constituindo o corpus da pesquisa. Constatou-se o predomínio de publicações na última década, principalmente a partir de 2000. Em termos gerais, os resultados indicaram que há poucos instrumentos que avaliam a imagem corporal e os hábitos alimentares de forma aprofundada, sendo que a maioria dos instrumentos encontrados visava a avaliar os sujeitos e a estabelecer o diagnóstico de transtorno alimentar (TA). Evidenciou-se, assim, a necessidade de mais estudos na área de elaboração e de validação de testes, escalas e inventários que tratem das síndromes parciais dos TAs, tais como a distorção da imagem corporal. Esta investigación es una revisión integrativa de la literatura que tiene el objetivo de describir los instrumentos de mensuración utilizados en la evaluación de la imagen corporal y de los hábitos alimenticios en la anorexia nerviosa. Las bases consultadas fueron LILACS y SciELO. De las 98 referencias relevadas, ocho fueron seleccionadas y recobradas integralmente para extracción de los datos, constituyendo el corpus de la investigación. Se constató el predominio de publicaciones en la última década, principalmente desde el año 2000. En términos generales, los resultados indicaron que hay pocos instrumentos que evalúan la imagen corporal y los hábitos alimenticios de forma profundizada, siendo que la mayoría de los instrumentos encontrados visaba evaluar los sujetos y establecer el diagnóstico de trastorno alimenticio (TA). Se evidenció, así, la necesidad de más estudios en el área de elaboración y de validación de pruebas, escalas e inventarios que traten de los síndromes parciales de los TA, tales como la distorsión de la imagen corporal. The aim of this integrative review of the literature is to describe the instruments used to assess body image and food habits in nervous anorexia. The examined databases were LILACS and SciELO. Ninety-eight references were identified, eight of which were selected, and full articles were consulted for data extraction, constituting the corpus of the research. There was a predominance of publications in the last decade, mainly from 2000 on. Overall, results indicated that there are few instruments to assess body image and food habits in detail, and most of the instruments found were aimed at assessing the patients and diagnosing eating disorder (ED). This evidenced the need for further studies in the field of test, scale and inventory development and validation which address the partial syndromes of ED, such as body image distortion.

Endogenous advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) include chemically crosslinking species (glycotoxins) that contribute to the vascular and renal complications of diabetes mellitus (DM). Renal excretion of the catabolic products of endogenous AGEs is impaired in patients with diabetic or nondiabetic kidney disease (KD). The aim of this study was to examine the oral absorption and renal clearance kinetics of food AGEs in DM with KD and whether circulating diet-derived AGEs contain active glycotoxins. Thirty-eight diabetics (DM) with or without KD and five healthy subjects (NL) received a single meal of egg white (56 g protein), cooked with (AGE-diet) or without fructose (100 g) (CL-diet). Serum and urine samples, collected for 48 hr, were monitored for AGE immunoreactivity by ELISA and for AGE-specific crosslinking reactivity, based on complex formation with 125-I-labeled fibronectin. The AGE-diet, but not the CL-diet, produced distinct elevations in serum AGE levels in direct proportion to amount ingested (r = 0.8, P 0.05): the area under the curve for serum (approximately 10% of ingested AGE) correlated directly with severity of KD; renal excretion of dietary AGE, although normally incomplete (only approximately 30% of amount absorbed), in DM it correlated inversely with degree of albuminuria, and directly with creatinine clearance (r