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In this letter, we reflect on recent modifications of the regional innovation system (RIS) approach that have been prompted by persistent environmental, social, and economic problems. Scholars have begun to advocate a reorientation of the RIS framework towards addressing territorial sustainability challenges and have introduced the notion of challenge-oriented regional innovation systems (CORIS). While the CORIS approach holds promise given the challenges of our time, several unresolved issues remain. We elaborate on and discuss three themes that demand further research. Firstly, there is a need for in-depth studies of the geographies of problems. Systematic analyses of the origins and interrelations of territorial challenges are high in demand. Secondly, the geographies of challenge-oriented innovation-exnovation dynamics warrant more attention. We argue that future research should delve into questions around the development, testing and upscaling of innovative solutions, as well as the unlocking and destabilisation of unsustainable practices in various spatial contexts. Lastly, we contend that a better understanding of the geographies of RIS reconfiguration is necessary. This entails shedding light on various forms of system-level agency involved in reorienting or transforming historically-grown real-world RIS in different types of regions.

Purpose>The purpose of this paper is to present and evaluate the performance of innovation systems by considering two indicators of efficiency and effectiveness. The scope of the evaluation is globally and due to the situation of each country, the suggested strategies are proposed to maintain the status quo or move toward the desired situation for countries.Design/methodology/approach>The approach is to compare and benchmark the countries in terms of the efficiency and effectiveness of their innovation system. The Global Innovation Index report’s input-to-output ratio and the global competitiveness report are used for the assessment.Findings>The findings indicate that countries such as China, Switzerland and the USA have an efficient and effective innovation system. However, the innovation systems in countries such as Brazil and Zimbabwe are not only inefficient but also ineffective. The findings also indicate that the innovation systems of countries such as Iran, Armenia and Egypt are efficient but ineffective. Finally, the authors can name Australia, Qatar and Russia as countries with effective but inefficient innovation systems.Originality/value>Assessment of national innovation system using efficiency and effectiveness performances is done for the first time at the global stage.

The aim of this article is to complement research on transformations towards sustainability by drawing upon the innovation systems (IS) framework. The IS framework already serves as a suitable and influential basis for research on processes of technological innovation and economic change. We argue that improving the capacity of an IS framework for dealing with wicked problems and the normative complexity of sustainability requires a fundamental paradigm shift because in the current IS paradigm innovations are considered as per se desirable and in mostly technological terms. Therefore, we call for IS dedicated to transformations towards sustainability by opening up for systemic innovations beyond the technological dimension and by acknowledging that stakeholders have conflicting visions, interests, norms, and expectations with regard to sustainability goals. Taking the normative dimension of transformations towards sustainability seriously thus requires more explicit and integrative research on directionality, legitimacy, responsibility, and their interrelation in IS. The article concludes by proposing suggestions for future research based on IS-related approaches that can serve as building blocks for an IS framework capable of incorporating legitimate goal-orientation for transformative innovation by and for society.

An innovation system can be defined as a network of organizations, enterprises, and individuals demanding and supplying knowledge and bringing it into a social and economic use. This book's primary aim is to focus on the largely unexplored operational aspects of the innvoation systems concept and to explore its potential for agriculture.

<p><b>COMPREHENSIVE HANDBOOK DEMYSTIFIES 5G FOR TECHNICAL AND BUSINESS PROFESSIONALS IN MOBILE TELECOMMUNICATION FIELDS</b> <p>Much is being said regarding the possibilities and capabilities of the emerging 5G technology, as the evolution towards 5G promises to transform entire industries and many aspects of our society. <i>5G for the Connected World</i> offers a comprehensive technical overview that telecommunication professionals need to understand and take advantage of these developments. <p>The book offers a wide&#45;ranging coverage of the technical aspects of 5G &#40;with special consideration of the 3GPP Release 15 content&#41;, how it enables new services and how it differs from LTE. This includes information on potential use cases, aspects of radio and core networks, spectrum considerations and the services primarily driving 5G development and deployment. <p>The text also looks at 5G in relation to the Internet of Things, machine to machine communication and technical enablers such as LTE&#45;M, NB&#45;IoT and EC&#45;GSM. Additional chapters discuss new business models for telecommunication service providers and vertical industries as a result of introducing 5G, and strategies for staying ahead of the curve. Other topics include: <ul> <li>Key features of the new 5G radio such as descriptions of new waveforms, massive MIMO and beamforming technologies, as well as spectrum considerations for 5G radio regarding all possible bands</li> <li>Drivers, motivations and an overview of the new 5G system &#150; especially RAN architecture and technology enablers &#40;e.g. service&#45;based architecture, compute&#45;storage split and network exposure&#41; for native cloud deployments</li> <li>Mobile edge computing, Non&#45;3GPP access, Fixed&#45;Mobile Convergence</li> <li>Detailed overview of mobility management, session management and Quality of Service frameworks</li> <li>5G security vision and architecture</li> <li>Ultra&#45;low latency and high reliability use cases and enablers, challenges and requirements &#40;e.g. remote control, industrial automation, public safety and V2X communication&#41;</li> <li>An outline of the requirements and challenges imposed by a massive number of devices connected to cellular networks</li> </ul> <p>While some familiarity with the basics of 3GPP networks is helpful, <i>5G for the Connected World</i> is intended for a variety of readers. It will prove a useful guide for telecommunication professionals, standardization experts, network operators, application developers and business analysts &#40;or students working in these fields&#41; as well as infrastructure and device vendors looking to develop and integrate 5G into their products, and deploy 5G radio and core networks.

Arts, democracy, and innovation co-evolve. While for the Triple Helix model the existence of a democracy is not necessary for knowledge production and innovation, the Quadruple Helix is here more explicit. The way how the Quadruple Helix is being engineered, designed, and \"architected\" clearly shows that there cannot be a Quadruple Helix innovation system without democracy or a democratic context. The following attributes and components define the fourth helix in the Quadruple Helix: \"media-based and culture-based public,; \"civil society,\" and \"arts, artistic research, and arts-based innovation\". By this, the fourth helix in the Quadruple Helix represents the perspective of the \"dimension of democracy\" or the \"context of democracy\" for knowledge, knowledge production, and innovation. This is particularly true when democracy is to be understood to transcend the narrow understanding of being primarily based on or being primarily rooted in government institutions (within Triple Helix). Civil society, culture-based public, quality of democracy, and sustainable development convincingly demonstrate what the rationales and requirements are for conceptualizing democracy broader. Political pluralism in a democracy co-evolves with the pluralism, diversity, and heterogeneity of knowledge, knowledge production, and innovation (\"Democracy of Knowledge\"). The Quintuple Helix extends the Quadruple Helix by aspects of the \"natural environments of society and economy,\" \"social ecology,\" and the \"socio-ecological transition\". Also, this environmental context of society can be better addressed in a democracy than in a non-democracy. The current world appears to be challenged by a race between developing democracies versus emerging autocracies over knowledge production and innovation. The contributions of arts, arts-based research, and arts-based innovation to knowledge production and innovation systems are manifold. Art helps and aids us in thinking \"beyond the box\". The traditional understanding of arts emphasizes the aesthetic dimension of arts. Art and arts can also be understood (and re-invented) as a manifestation of knowledge, knowledge production, and knowledge creation. Arts and artistic research are now being regarded as drivers for forming and pluralizing interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary configurations and networks with research in the sciences and the application and use of knowledge and innovation in the context of not only society and democracy, but also the economy. Art, arts-based research, and arts-based innovation contribute to creating (co-creating) the basis for new models of economic growth. This indicates opportunities for a creative design or creative design processes in the further co-evolution of knowledge economy, knowledge society, and knowledge democracy.

This study has explored the impact of innovation hubs on knowledge, innovation and entrepreneurial ecosystems. To gain deeper insights, the study adopted an exploratory case study design along a qualitative approach to conduct an empirical investigation. The study reveals a noticeable contribution of the X-Innovation Hub in empowering youths in aspects of knowledge co-creation and transfer, and promotion of diverse innovations. The findings of the study also disclose that the contribution of the innovation hub in transforming innovations into entrepreneurial opportunities is still unsatisfactory. Furthermore, the findings suggest that not all start-ups emanating from the hub are taking off. This is due to various undermining factors such as financial constraints and unfriendly legal frameworks. For X-Innovation Hub to satisfactorily and sustainably contribute to national innovation systems, deliberate efforts must be made, and strategies put in place by different stakeholders such as the government. Particularly, diversification of funding sources to minimise dependence on international development funding agencies and organisations is important.

This article explores how Third Space Professionals in Mode 3 universities help bridge academic research and real-world application, fostering innovation, entrepreneurship, and social progress. They play a key role in mentoring early-career researchers, particularly by involving them in research projects from the proposal stage, as seen in the case of the Control of Networked Systems Group (CNS) at the University of Klagenfurt (Austria). The analysis is based on three key concepts. “Mode 3 Universities”: These institutions integrate traditional (Mode 1) and applied, interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary (Mode 2) research to promote innovation. They act as innovation hubs, encouraging cross-disciplinary collaboration and societal impact across all academic fields. They also require advanced governance models that move beyond conventional public management approaches. “Third Mission”: This refers to the societal engagement of universities beyond teaching and research, including entrepreneurship, civic education, community involvement, and transdisciplinarity. “Third Space”: A flexible organizational model that supports the Third Mission by combining traditional and innovative roles. It promotes interdisciplinary work and new forms of collaboration, including team-based or hybrid professional roles that span teaching, research, and societal impact. Together, these concepts emphasize the need for pluralistic, adaptive governance that supports sustainable knowledge production and real-world impact. The CNS Group (at the University of Klagenfurt) serves as a case study of how these ideas can be practically implemented within a university setting.

This study aims to present the definition and characteristics of regional innovation systems as well as actions focused on their development. For this purpose, the present study uses the neo-Schumpeterian theoretical bibliography as support for the analysis. The conclusions point out that in the Brazilian territory, companies, universities, research institutes, government institutions, among other actors, develop interactive and cooperative relationships that enable innovative development. In this field, there are habits, values, cultures, and their own productive and institutional structures that enable different patterns of regional innovation systems. It is up to the State to play the role of promoter of regional development, given its capacity to mediate interaction, deliver political articulation, and foster innovation programs. Development policies aimed at interaction and cooperation, learning processes, the formation of joint strategies, and the availability of resources are highlighted.