Explore the vast range of titles available.

This review summarizes the current knowledge on the contribution of metals to the development of oxidative stress in fish. Metals are important inducers of oxidative stress in aquatic organisms, promoting formation of reactive oxygen species through two mechanisms. Redox active metals generate reactive oxygen species through redox cycling, while metals without redox potential impair antioxidant defences, especially that of thiol-containing antioxidants and enzymes. Elevated levels of reactive oxygen species lead to oxidative damage including lipid peroxidation, protein and DNA oxidation, and enzyme inactivation. Antioxidant defences include the enzyme system and low molecular weight antioxidants. Metal-binding proteins, such as ferritin, ceruloplasmin and metallothioneins, have special functions in the detoxification of toxic metals and also play a role in the metabolism and homeostasis of essential metals. Recent studies of metallothioneins as biomarkers indicate that quantitative analysis of mRNA expression of metallothionein genes can be appropriate in cases with elevated levels of metals and no evidence of oxidative damage in fish tissue. Components of the antioxidant defence are used as biochemical markers of oxidative stress. These markers may be manifested differently in the field than in results found in laboratory studies. A complex approach should be taken in field studies of metal contamination of the aquatic environment.

Spoilage fungi are ubiquitous contaminants of cereals, pre- and post-harvest. These fungi can produce a wide range of secondary metabolites under ecological conditions which are conducive for growth. However, some of these secondary metabolites are toxic and have a significant impact if they enter the production and animal food chains. Prevention of mycotoxin contamination of feed and food raw materials is now considered more important than subsequent cure. The key ecological determinants pre- and post-harvest are water availability and temperature (climate). Accurate information is therefore needed on the impact of an association between these key factors, and it is necessary to understand which are marginal and which critical for germination and toxin production. There have only been a few studies where attempts have been made to integrate the available information on these factors in relation to different raw materials for feed and food processing, especially cereals. This review will examine the available information on the main climatic factors, i.e., water availability and temperature affecting mycotoxin production such as, aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol and citrinin. This information is crucial for accurately focusing and monitoring key critical control points in the feed and food chain to optimise prevention strategies.

Antecedentes: la alergia alimentaria genera un efecto adverso en la salud derivado de una respuesta inmunológica anormal que se presenta después de una exposición a ciertas proteínas de los alimentos. En algunos casos, puede ocasionar síntomas graves e incluso la muerte. Actualmente, se considera un problema de salud pública, que cuenta con escasos estudios en Latinoamérica y Costa Rica. Objetivo: determinar los conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas sobre alérgenos alimentarios, y su gestión, que tienen los manipuladores de alimentos y que laboran en los servicios de alimentación de la Universidad de Costa Rica. Materiales y métodos: estudio fenomenológico (alérgenos alimentarios y su gestión), mediante entrevista estructurada a encargados de servicios de alimentación y grupos focales con trabajadores operativos y concesionarios de 11 comedores. Resultados: se identificaron conocimientos adecuados y actitud positiva, pero con una limitada aplicación de las prácticas por parte de los manipuladores de alimentos, lo que coincide con la poca ejecución de medidas preventivas sobre alérgenos en los servicios de alimentación al público. Conclusiones: los conocimientos y actitudes se encuentran estrechamente relacionados; sin embargo, se observa poca aplicación en las prácticas, lo cual podría deberse a limitaciones de recursos como equipo, infraestructura y a la ausencia de regulación y capacitación específicas.

The antifungal activity of organic acids greatly improves the shelf life of bread and bakery products. However, little is known about the effect of lactic acid fermentation on fungal contamination in rice cakes. Here, we show that lactic acid fermentation in rice dough can greatly retard the growth of three fungal species when present in rice cakes, namely Cladosporium sp. YS1, Neurospora sp. YS3, and Penicillium crustosum YS2. The antifungal activity of the lactic acid bacteria against these fungi was much better than that of 0.3% calcium propionate. We found that organic acids including lactic and acetic acid, which are byproducts of lactic fermentation or can be artificially added, were the main antifungal substances. We also found that some Leuconostoc citreum and Weissella confusa strains could be good starter species for rice dough fermentation. These results imply that these lactic acid bacteria can be applicable to improve the preservation of rice cakes.

Background: Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) is one of the major causes of food-borne disease worldwide, mainly associated with the consumption of poultry products, such as eggs. Several control methods have been implemented in the egg production process, but they have not effectively reduced the outbreaks. Therefore, the use of bacteriophages for the biocontrol of food-borne pathogens is gaining increasing acceptance. Objective: To evaluate a bacteriophage cocktail's effectiveness in reducing SE counts in an experimentally contaminated mayonnaise-like matrix. Methods: Homemade mayonnaise was contaminated with SE (103 CFU/ml) with equal volume to a matrix (1:1) treated with a bacteriophage cocktail (five phages, MOI 105), and stored at 21 °C for 24 and 72 h. Bacterial counts were performed to evaluate the bio-controlling activity of the cocktail and compared with a contaminated but not treated group. Results: Significant reductions (up to 3.75 log10 CFU/ml) were observed in the bacteriophage-treated groups (p<0.0001). Conclusions: These results demonstrate the effectiveness of bacteriophages as biocontrol agents for Salmonella Enteritidis in a raw-egg-derivative foodstuff. Further studies are needed to prove the reduction in an undiluted homemade mayonnaise.

En el presente artículo se muestra la evaluación de la gestión de la higiene e inocuidad de los alimentos, basada en los conceptos de los prerrequisitos del sistema APPCC, en los restaurantes del Boulevard Gastronómico de Pampatar, Isla de Margarita, Venezuela. Para lograr este propósito se aplicó una encuesta con 37 preguntas a 11 gerentes de restaurantes; como referencia de medición, se utilizó la tabla de efectividad higiénica de la Resolución SG. n.º 484, Gaceta Oficial de Venezuela n.º 36.100; a partir de ésta se creó una escala porcentual para la medición de los prerrequisitos, dividida en seis categorías, que van desde muy deficiente a muy satisfactorio. La evaluación del estudio se ubicó en un 73,28%, nivel satisfactorio. En la segunda parte del estudio se verifica el buen manejo de la higiene de los alimentos, al analizar cada ítem del cuestionario aplicado con lo establecido en los conceptos del sistema APPCC.

La investigación que da origen a este artículo se centra en identificar el proceso de adopción y difusión de innovaciones en la horticultura de exportación del noroeste de México, teniendo en cuenta las diferencias según el tamaño del productor. La estimación del índice de rapidez de adopción señala que son los grandes productores quienes adoptan más temprano y son líderes en esta actividad, razón por la cual existe una brecha tecnológica entre pequeños y grandes productores, acentuada por limitantes económicas. Esto convierte a los pequeños productores en adoptantes tardíos, que dependen de programas públicos para la implementación de estos procesos. El estudio se realizó en cuatro entidades del noroeste de México (Baja California, Baja California Sur, Sonora y Sinaloa), que en conjunto aportan en promedio el 17 % de la producción hortofrutícola de este país. Se observa, así mismo, que el mercado internacional es un fuerte promotor de la adopción de innovaciones, en particular, las relacionadas con los estándares de inocuidad alimentaria, que son adoptadas por el 84 % de los productores. En el análisis de redes, se destaca el papel de las organizaciones gremiales como difusoras de las innovaciones tecnológicas, por ejemplo, la Confederación de Asociaciones Agrícolas del Estado de Sinaloa y la Asociación Agrícola Local de Productores de Hortalizas, Frutas y Legumbres de Hermosillo, en Sonora.

Amazingly, despite the 24,143 papers on mycobacteria, indexed in the Web of Science database during the last six years, published by 67,008 authors from 13,128 organizations located in 166 countries or territories, internationally accepted legal directives on how to control the public health risk associated with environmental mycobacteria have yet to be developed. Mycobacteria are human and animal pathogens, causing not only tuberculosis and leprosy, but mycobacterioses of skin, soft tissues and lung. Due to their cell wall composition and their adaptability mycobacteria can survive in different habitats for years. Their immunomodulatory ability has been recognised for more than 50 years and hundreds of papers published during the last two decades have demonstrated that small chemical products derived from mycobacterial cells participate in inflammatory pathways involved the pathogenesis of important human diseases like Crohn's disease, asthma, type 1 diabetes mellitus, psoriasis, arthrosis, Blau syndrom, sarcoidosis, autism etc. Mycobacteria can influence inflammatory pathways not only as live organisms, but also by means of components derived from dead cells. Pasteurisation or cooking does not affect this ability. Hence, how many mycobacterial cells are ingested, what factors play a role concurrently, and how long the harmful effect persists become important questions. This paper presents only a short review based on selected papers about mycobacteria in water, soil, plants and air with the aim of attracting attention to this significant global problem and of making the first steps towards protection of people. Selected bibliographic references of published data from 2007 to 2012 are presented in easy-to-navigate tables.

Furan and its derivatives were identified in a small number of heat-treated foods back in the 60's and 70's. In May 2004, US Food and Drug Administration published a report on the occurrence of parent furan in a number of thermally treated foods. Since furan has been classified as possibly carcinogenic to human by IARC, a great concern has been addressed to the analysis of this substance naturally-occurring in food. This paper gives a short overview on the mechanistic pathways of the parent furan formation in food by degradation of amino acids and/or reducing sugars, and oxidation of ascorbic acid and polyunsaturated acids which can be induced by thermal or irradiation treatments; further, it deals with the metabolism and toxicology of furan as well as with the comparison of the methods of furan determination.

A collection of 250 enterococci isolated from various food-stuffs were used to investigate seven virulence determinants and the microbial susceptibility of eight antibiotics. Species-specific PCR revealed the presence of E. faecalis (127 isolates), E. faecium (77 isolates), E. casseliflavus (21 isolates), E. mundtii (19 isolates) and E. durans (6 isolates). Multiplex PCR for virulence factors showed that out of the 250 isolates tested, 221 carried one or more virulence-encoding genes. Beta-haemolytic activity was also evident in enterococcal species other than E. faecalis and E. faecium. Species other than E. faecalis and E. faecium isolated from food may also be virulent. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested using the disk diffusion method. It showed that out of 250 isolates, 114 were resistant to cephalothin and 94 to ofloxacin. Lower antibiotic resistance was seen with ampicillin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin and teicoplanin. None of the isolates was found to be resistant to vancomycin. The results of this study show that food can play an important role in the spread of virulent enterococci through the food chain.