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Introduction: Resistance training has been associated with improved insulin sensitivity in individuals with type 2 diabetes, but its role in non-diabetic overweight individuals remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate whether progressive resistance training reduces insulin resistance in overweight men at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes. We hypothesized that such training would significantly improve insulin sensitivity markers. Methods: Thirteen overweight male individuals (aged 30-50 years, BMI > 25 kg/m2, HOMA-IR > 1.9 mg/kg and HbA1c < 5.8%) participated in an 8-week supervised resistance training program ( 3 sessions/week). Strength was measured using no more than one repetition of each exercise. Pre- and post-training assessments included Bioelectrical impedance analysis, fasting blood insulin (FBI), fasting blood glucose (FBG), total cholesterol, HbA1c and HOMA-IR. Results: A significant gain in muscle mass (pre: 35.21 ± 3.18 kg vs. post: 36.12 ± 2.91 kg, p< 0.001) and a decrease in fat mass (pre: 30.93 ± 1.88 kg vs. post: 30.17 ± 1.82 kg, p<0.001) were observed. Rates of insulin resistance decreased significantly as insulin sensitivity improved with decreased FBI (pre: 12.16 ± 1.88 vs. post: 11.64 ± 1.52 μUI/mL, p< 0.05), while FBG remained unchanged. HbA1c levels dropped from 5.37 ± 0.31% to 5.10 ± 0.34% (p < 0.001). HOMA-IR scores improved significantly (pre: 2.77 ± 0.50 vs. post: 2.57 ± 0.42, p < 0.001). Conclusion: In overweight Jordanian men at risk of developing type 2 diabetes, a resistance exercise program administered 3 times per week for 8 weeks can significantly improve insulin resistance. Introducción: El entrenamiento de resistencia se ha asociado con una mejor sensibilidad a la insulina en personas con diabetes tipo 2, pero su papel en personas con sobrepeso no diabéticas sigue siendo incierto. El objetivo de este estudio era evaluar si el entrenamiento de resistencia progresivo reduce la resistencia a la insulina en hombres con sobrepeso y alto riesgo de desarrollar diabetes tipo 2. Planteamos la hipótesis de que dicho entrenamiento mejoraría significativamente los marcadores de sensibilidad a la insulina. Métodos: trece hombres con sobrepeso (de 30 a 50 años, IMC > 25 kg/m², HOMA-IR > 1,9 mg/kg y HbA1c < 5,8 %) participaron en un programa de entrenamiento de resistencia supervisado de 8 semanas (3 sesiones por semana). La fuerza se midió utilizando el máximo de una repetición de cada ejercicio. Las evaluaciones previas y posteriores al entrenamiento incluyeron análisis de impedancia bioeléctrica, niveles de insulina en ayunas (FBI), glucemia en ayunas (FBG), colesterol total, HbA1c y HOMA-IR. Resultados: se observó un aumento significativo de la masa muscular (pre: 35,21 ± 3,18 kg vs. post: 36,12 ± 2,91 kg, p < 0,001) y una disminución de la masa grasa (pre: 30,93 ± 1,88 kg vs. post: 30,17 ± 1,82 kg, p < 0,001). Las tasas de resistencia a la insulina disminuyeron significativamente a medida que mejoraba la sensibilidad a la insulina, con una disminución de la FBI (pre: 12,16 ± 1,88 μIU/mL vs. post: 11,64 ± 1,52 μIU/mL, p < 0,05), mientras que la glucosa en ayunas (GA) no se alteró. Los niveles de HbA1c disminuyeron del 5,37 ± 0,31 % al 5,10 ± 0,34 % (p < 0,001). Las puntuaciones HOMA-IR mejoraron significativamente (2,77 ± 0,50 frente a 2,57 ± 0,42, p < 0,001). Conclusión: en hombres jordanos con sobrepeso y riesgo de desarrollar diabetes tipo 2, un programa de ejercicios de resistencia administrado tres veces por semana durante ocho semanas puede mejorar significativamente la resistencia a la insulina. Introdução: O treino de resistência tem sido associado à melhoria da sensibilidade à insulina em pessoas com diabetes tipo 2, mas o seu papel em indivíduos não diabéticos com excesso de peso permanece incerto.O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se o treino de resistência progressivo reduz a resistência à insulina em homens com excesso de peso e com alto risco de desenvolver diabetes tipo 2. A nossa hipótese é que tal treino melhoraria significativamente os marcadores de sensibilidade à insulina.Métodos: Treze homens com excesso de peso (com idades compreendidas entre os 30 e os 50 anos, IMC > 25 kg/m², HOMA-IR > 1,9 mg/kg e HbA1c < 5,8%) participaram num programa de treino de resistência supervisionado de 8 semanas (3 sessões por semana). A força foi medida através da repetição máxima de cada exercício. As avaliações pré e pós-formação incluíram a análise da impedância bioelétrica (BIA), insulina em jejum (FIG), glicemia em jejum (GJ), colesterol total, HbA1c e níveis de HOMA-IR.Resultados: Observou-se um aumento significativo da massa muscular (pré: 35,21 ± 3,18 kg vs. pós: 36,12 ± 2,91 kg, p < 0,001) e uma diminuição da massa gorda (pré: 30,93 ± 1,88 kg vs. pós: 30,17 ± 1,82 kg, p < 0,001). As taxas de resistência à insulina diminuíram significativamente à medida que a sensibilidade à insulina melhorou, com uma diminuição da FBI (pré: 12,16 ± 1,88 μIU/mL vs. pós: 11,64 ± 1,52 μIU/mL, p < 0,05), enquanto a glicemia em jejum (GJ) permaneceu inalterada. Os níveis de HbA1c diminuíram de 5,37 ± 0,31% para 5,10 ± 0,34% (p < 0,001). Os escores HOMA-IR melhoraram significativamente (2,77 ± 0,50 vs. 2,57 ± 0,42, p < 0,001). Conclusão: Em homens jordanos com excesso de peso e com risco de desenvolver diabetes tipo 2, um programa de exercício de resistência administrado três vezes por semana durante oito semanas pode melhorar significativamente a resistência à insulina.

This study aimed to demonstrate the long-term effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on reducing blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The research employs a preexperimental design with a one-group pretest‒posttest design. A total of 20 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, aged 40–60 years, participated in the study and received the HIIT intervention three times per week for eight weeks. Data collection involved measuring fasting blood glucose levels before and after the HIIT intervention via the ONE TOUCH™ BASIC™ Plus Meter. Data analysis was conducted via paired sample t tests with a significance level of 5%, and the effect size was evaluated via Cohen's d. Paired sample t test analysis between pre-HIIT and post-HIIT blood glucose levels (181.50±17.85 mg/dL to 99.50±8.26 mg/dL, p ≤ 0.001) revealed a significant reduction, with a large effect size (Cohen's d = 5.896). This study confirms that long-term high-intensity interval training is effective in lowering fasting blood glucose levels to normal ranges in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Keywords: Blood glucose, HIIT, insulin sensitivity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes patients

The relationship between metabolic health and breast cancer emerges as an expanding area of research in comparative oncology, particularly highlighted in studies conducted among humans and canines. This review explores how dietary habits, obesity, and metabolic syndromes influence the risk, progression, and response to breast cancer treatments. To this end, the impact of obesity, diet, and lifestyle on carcinogenesis mechanisms and prognosis in human and canine patients affected by mammary tumors is examined. By examining comparative studies addressing the relationship between metabolic health and breast cancer in women and canines, common molecular and biochemical pathways in both species are identified. This approach provides a broader understanding of oncological diseases and their development, suggesting potential strategies for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of breast cancer from a metabolic perspective. However, as this area of research is still developing, it is necessary to explore new research lines to fully understand the complex relationship between metabolic health and cancer across different species from biochemical, molecular, genetic, and epigenetic perspectives, with the goal of gaining valuable knowledge that contributes to the development of new diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic tools.

La hipertrigliceridemia es una de las causas de pancreatitis aguda, generalmente con un riesgo mayor cuando su valor supera los 1.000 mg/dl. Se han descrito diferentes alternativas terapéuticas para el tratamiento de pacientes con pancreatitis por hipertrigliceridemia, entre ellas la infusión de insulina. Se reporta el caso de un paciente con hipertrigliceridemia muy severa que presentó pancreatitis aguda y su evolución fue favorable con la terapia con insulina.

The purpose of this study is to highlight the impact of exercise on increasing GLUT4 translocation in cell membranes. This study searches many journal databases, including Embase, Pubmed, Web of Science, and Scopus, as part of a systematic review methodology. Publications released during the last five years and publications mentioning were the inclusion criteria for this study physical exercise, GLUT4 and glucose uptake. The study's exclusion criteria were publications that were published in not reputable journals. 508 papers in all were found using the databases Scopus, Web of Science Pubmed, and Embase. For this systematic review, a total of 10 papers that satisfied the inclusion criteria were chosen and examined. This study adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) evaluation guidelines for standard operations. The outcome of this comprehensive analysis study report that there is an increase and acceleration of GLUT4 translocation during physical exercise. This has the effect of increasing glucose uptake in the blood so that there is an increase in the need for glucose in the blood. We recommend that physical exercise be a preventive measure for each individual in terms of increasing blood glucose uptake which is useful for maintaining balanced glucose levels in the blood and maintain general body health. Keywords: Physical training; GLUT4; Glucose; Insulin

Until recently mental diseases were treated as a whole, without any differentiation. Recent researchs have highlighted the differences between some of them, so consequently there are specific treatments for these pathologies today. The main objective of this work is to show two different diseases which in many cases are confused: depression and schizophrenia. These pathologies can have as triggers situations very diverse and that require different treatment. For the analysis, we are going to use two films: Prozac Nation (2001) by Erik Skjoldbjaerg and A beautiful mind (2001) by Ron Howard, which reflect the real experiences of two characters; the society in which they live and the environment around them, but especially focusing in the pharmacotherapy area, medications used, its correct use, the adverse effects and so on; in order to be able to decide if the vision presented by films has a formative character in these diseases.

Introduction: Any type of nutritional imbalance experienced during childhood will affect the health of an individual, both in their childhood and their adulthood. Several studies have proved that there is an association between cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and endocrine and lipid markers at early stages of life. Objective: To establish the relationship between nutritional status (IGF-1 and serum levels of its binding proteins IGFBP-1, IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-3), and CVD risk markers in students aged 7 to 9 years. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional observational study conducted in 84 children attending two schools from Bogotá D.C. and Soacha, Colombia, to identify the relationship between possible variations in CVD risk markers and nutritional status. Sexual development stage, lipid profile, anthropometric data, blood sugar levels and IGF-1 and IGFBP serum levels of all participants were measured. Statistical analysis was conducted using the Pearson’s correlation coefficient, the analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the Kruskall-Wallis, Games-Howell and Dunnett’s tests. The confidence interval and statistical significance were 95% and p<0.05, respectively. Results:IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-2 levels proportionally decreased as weight increased. An inverse correlation between both proteins and triglyceride levels was found, as well as a direct correlation with HDL cholesterol levels. Conclusions: Alterations in CVD risk markers can be identified during childhood. If said alterations are timely detected, it is possible to adopt preventive and therapeutic actions such as the promotion of public policies aimed at preventing childhood overweight and obesity, which in turn will reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular disease in adulthood.

Introducción: la cetoacidosis diabética (CAD) es frecuente en el servicio de urgencias, siendo una complicación aguda de la diabetes y con el riesgo de desencadenar eventos potencialmente fatales, aumentando la morbilidad entre este grupo de pacientes. Generalmente, esta complicación se caracteriza clínicamente por hiperglicemia, acidosis metabólica y el hallazgo de cetonemia por un déficit absoluto de insulina. Objetivo: existen excepciones dentro de la definición de cetoacidosis y no siempre encontraremos elevación de los niveles de glucosa en sangre, lo que dificulta el diagnóstico y, por ende, retrasa el manejo, aumenta la morbilidad y mortalidad asociada a esta entidad, por eso la importancia de su identificación. Presentación del caso: a continuación, se presenta una paciente de 63 años que ingresa a urgencias con diabetes mellitus en manejo con sitagliptina que desarrolla una CAD euglucémica. Discusión y conclusión: en general, la cetoacidosis diabética es una presentación atípica pero potencialmente grave, que puede pasar desapercibida por la ausencia de hiperglicemia marcada, por eso es importante una historia clínica adecuada para su sospecha.

La asociación entre la obesidad y la densidad mineral ósea ha sido un punto controversial al momento de establecer si existe una asociación positiva o negativa entre las mismas. Diversos estudios han propuesto que la obesidad es un factor protector del hueso, debido a la tensión mecánica dada por el peso corporal en la remodelación ósea. Otros estudios plantean que la relación es mucho más compleja debido a que el tejido adiposo y los osteoblastos provienen de líneas germinales comunes. Además, el adipocito tiene la capacidad de secretar diversas moléculas, entre ellas las adipocinas. Adicionalmente, el tejido adiposo es una de las principales fuentes de aromatasa, esto lo involucra en la conversión de andrógenos a estrógenos, que juegan un papel importante en el mantenimiento de la homeostasis ósea. Por lo tanto, se ha planteado el hueso como órgano blanco de diversas vías endocrinas y, a su vez, se considera un órgano endocrino que puede afectar otros órganos cuando está alterado. Por otra parte, se ha visto que la resistencia a la insulina en el contexto de la obesidad está asociada con inflamación crónica de bajo grado, deterioro funcional de órganos y alteración del metabolismo energético, que impacta la remodelación ósea.   Abstract There is controversy over the effect of obesity in bone mineral density. Several studies have proposed that obesity is a protective factor of the bone by the mechanical tension that favors the bone remodeling. However, other studies suggest that this relationship is more complex because both tissues come from a common germ line; emphasizing that the adipocyte secretes diverse molecules, among them adipocinas. In addition, adipose tissue has aromatases that convert androgens into estrogens, having an importance in bone homeostasis. Therefore, the bone has been raised as a target organ of various endocrine pathways, which may affect other organs when it is altered. On the other hand, it has been shown that insulin resistance in the context of obesity is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation, functional impairment of organs and impaired energy metabolism, which impacts bone remodeling.

This study aims to examine the effects of high-intensity ergocycle training on four key parameters crucial for managing type 2 diabetes (T2D): Body Mass Index (BMI), body fat percentage, Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c), and muscle mass. A total of 24 male patients with T2D, aged 41-65, participated in the study and underwent a high-intensity ergocycle training intervention, conducted three times per week for eight weeks. Parameters such as HbA1c, BMI, PBF, and SM were observed before and after the intervention. Data analysis techniques included paired sample t-tests and independent sample t-tests with a significance level of 5%. The results indicated a significant reduction in HbA1c, BMI, and PBF, as well as a significant increase in SM before and after the high-intensity ergocycle training intervention (p ≤ 0.05). Additionally, we observed a reduction in ∆-HbA1c, ∆-BMI, ∆-PBF, and an increase in ∆-SM between groups (p ≤ 0.05). These findings demonstrate that regular high-intensity ergocycle training is significantly effective in reducing BMI, body fat percentage, and HbA1c levels while increasing muscle mass in patients with T2D. This result provides solid evidence that high-intensity ergocycle training can be used as a modality to improve insulin resistance in patients with T2D.